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The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefquinome against Streptococcus agalactiae in a murine mastitis model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278306. [PMID: 36696421 PMCID: PMC9876276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cefquinome is a new generation cephalosporin that is effective in the treatment of mastitis in animals. In this study, we evaluated the associations between the specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of cefquinome and its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae in a mouse model of mastitis. After a single intramammary dose of cefquinome (30, 60, 120, and 240 μg/mammary gland), the concentration of cefquinome in plasma was analysed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS). The PK parameters were calculated using a one-compartment first-order absorption model. Antibacterial activity was defined as the maximum change in the S. agalactiae population after each dose. An inhibitory sigmoid Emax model was used to evaluate the relationships between the PK/PD index values and antibacterial effects. The duration for which the concentration of the antibiotic (%T) remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the optimal PK/PD index for assessing antibacterial activity. The values of %T > MIC to reach 0.5-log10CFU/MG, 1-log10 CFU/MG and 2-log10 CFU/MG reductions were 31, 47, and 81%, respectively. When the PK/PD index %T > MIC of cefquinome was >81% in vivo, the density of the Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced by 2-log10. These findings provide a valuable understanding to optimise the dose regimens of cefquinome in the treatment of S. agalactiae infections.
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Zhang L, Xie H, Wang H, Ding H, Zhang G, Hu J. Kill Rate and Evaluation of Ex Vivo PK/PD Integration of Cefquinome Against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:751957. [PMID: 34966804 PMCID: PMC8710486 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.751957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We wished to study the detailed and precise antibacterial activity of cefquinome against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) in vitro and ex vivo. We analyzed the relationships between kill rate and cefquinome concentration in broth and between pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters and antibacterial effect in serum and tissue cage fluid (TCF) of piglets. Cefquinome exhibited time-dependent antibacterial activity against APP according to the kill rate. The maximum kill rate was 0.48 log10 CFU/mL/h at the 0-9-h period in broth. In the ex vivo PK/PD study, the maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax), terminal half-life (T1/2β), and area under the concentration time curve (AUCinfinity) were 5.65 μg/ml, 0.58 h, 2.24 h, and 18.48 μg·h/ml in serum and 1.13 μg/ml, 2.60 h, 12.22 h, and 20.83 μg·h/ml in TCF, respectively. The values of area under the curve during 24 h/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24h/MIC) for bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication effects were 18.94, 246.8, and 1013.23 h in serum and 4.20, 65.81, and 391.35 h in TCF, respectively. Our findings will provide a valuable basis for optimization of dosage regimens when applying cefquinome to treat APP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbing Xie
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Tekeli IO, Turk E, Durna Corum D, Corum O, Kirgiz FC, Sakin F, Uney K. Effect of ketoprofen co-administration on pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following repeated administration in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:440-447. [PMID: 32815194 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (2 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) was determined following intramuscular administration alone and co-administration with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) in goats. Six goats were used for the study. In the study, the crossover pharmacokinetics design with 20-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography by ultraviolet detection. The mean terminal elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24 ), peak concentration (Cmax ), apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea /F), and total body clearance (CL/F) of cefquinome after the administration alone were 4.85 hr, 11.06 hr*µg/ml, 2.37 µg/mL, 1.23 L/kg, and 0.17 L/h/kg after the first dose, and 5.88 hr, 17.01 hr*µg/mL, 3.04 µg/mL, 0.95 L/kg, and 0.11 L/h/kg after the last dose. Ketoprofen significantly prolonged t1/2ʎz of cefquinome, increased AUC0-24 and Cmax , and decreased Vdarea /F and CL/F. Cefquinome exhibited low accumulation after the administration alone and in combination with ketoprofen. These results indicated that ketoprofen prolonged the elimination of cefquinome in goats. The 24-hr dosing intervals at 2 mg/kg dose of cefquinome, which co-administered with ketoprofen, may maintain T> minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values above 40% in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens with the MIC value of ≤0.75 μg/ml in goats with an inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Turk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ceren Kirgiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Gu X, Huang S, Shen X, Ding H. Murine Thigh Microdialysis to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Cefquinome Against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:448. [PMID: 32851028 PMCID: PMC7419427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the application of microdialysis in pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) integration of cefquinome against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. After the A. pleuropneumoniae population reached 106 CFU/thigh, the mice received 0.04, 0.16, 0.63, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg cefquinome by subcutaneous injection. Plasma samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture for 4 h, and thigh dialysate was obtained by microdialysis at a flow rate of 1.5 μL/min for 6 h for the PK study. For the PD experiment, the infected mice were treated with a 4-fold-increase in the total cefquinome dose, ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/24 h, divided into one, two, three, four, and eight doses. The number of bacteria was determined and an inhibitory sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model was used to analyse the relationships between PK/PD parameters and efficacy. The mean penetration of cefquinome from plasma to the thigh was 0.591. The PK data for PK/PD integration were obtained by extrapolation. The fittest PK/PD parameter for efficacy evaluation was %fT>MIC (the percentage of time that free drug concentrations exceed the MIC). The magnitudes of %fT>MIC to achieve net bacterial stasis, 1-log10 CFU reduction, 2-log10 CFU reduction, and 3-log10 CFU reduction were 19.56, 28.65, 41.59, and 67.07 % in plasma and 21.74, 36.11, 52.96, and 82.68% in murine thigh, respectively. Microdialysis was first applied to evaluate the PK/PD integration of cefquinome against A. pleuropneumoniae. These results would provide valuable references when we apply microdialysis to study the PK/PD integration model and use cefquinome to treat animal diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zichong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sixiu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Corum O, Corum DD, Er A, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after single and repeated subcutaneous administrations in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:647-653. [PMID: 30719732 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (CFQ) following single and repeated subcutaneous (SC) administrations in sheep. Six clinically healthy, 1.5 ± 0.2 years sheep were used for the study. In pharmacokinetic study, the crossover design in three periods was performed. The withdrawal interval between the study periods was 15 days. In first period, CFQ (Cobactan, 2.5%) was administered by an intravenous (IV) bolus (3 sheep) and SC (3 sheep) injections at 2.5 mg/kg dose. In second period, the treatment administration was repeated via the opposite administration route. In third period, CFQ was administrated subcutaneously to each sheep (n = 6) at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg q. 24 hr for 5 days. Plasma concentrations of CFQ were measured using the HPLC-UV method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental methods. The elimination half-life and mean residence time of CFQ after the single SC administration were longer than IV administration (p < 0.05). Bioavailability (F%) of CFQ following the single SC administration was 123.51 ± 11.54%. The area under the curve (AUC0-∞ ) and peak concentration following repeated doses (last dose) were higher than those observed after the first dose (p < 0.05). CFQ accumulated after repeated SC doses. CFQ can be given via SC at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg every 24 hr for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens, which minimum inhibitory concentration is ≤1.0 μg/ml in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Duygu Durna Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ayse Er
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Zhang L, Wu X, Huang Z, Kang Z, Chen Y, Shen X, Cai Q, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of cefquinome against Pasteurella Multocida
in a piglet tissue cage model. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:60-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xun Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zheng Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qinren Cai
- Technical Center for Inspection and Quarantine; Zhuhai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Zhuhai China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
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Mesaik AM, Poh HW, Bin OY, Elawad I, Alsayed B. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ziziphus Jujuba Fruit Extract. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:757-766. [PMID: 29875842 PMCID: PMC5985874 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ziziphus jujuba belongs to family Rhamnaceae widely distributed in subtropical and tropical countries. It is used traditionally for several pharmacological purposes including anti-inflammation, antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial, as well as tonic and sometimes as hypnotic (sedative). AIM To determine the in vivo antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Z. jujuba fruit ethanolic extract. METHOD The fruit was macerated and extracted by 95% (v/v) ethanol. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated using castor oil and Escherichia coli induced diarrhoea mouse model. The antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity was investigated at graded doses (400-1200 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effects were tested using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in female Wistar rats. Rat's treatment groups received tragacanth, 100 mg/kg diclofenac sodium, 800 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg or 1600 mg/kg of an ethanolic extract of Z. jujuba (EEZJ). All treatment groups were fed with the compounds one hour before carrageenan injection at of rat's paw. Also, the EEZJ was further analysed by HPLC-PDA system for identification of the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin. RESULTS EEZJ different doses did not show inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea except for the higher (1200 mg/kg) dose. However, the frequency of defecation of stools and watery stool were reduced significantly when compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01 respectively), resulted in overall 67% inhibition of diarrhoea. Our anti-inflammatory results demonstrated that EEZJ was able to inhibit the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats to a significant degree (p ≤ 0.05) and the paw volume and thickness of both left and right paw were affected compared to the negative control group. CONCLUSION EEZJ possesses antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity in a dose depending manner and may provide a pharmacological basis for its clinical use in diarrheal diseases. The activity may partially be due to the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mesaik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiap Wei Poh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ooi Yan Bin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzaddinn Elawad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessment of cefquinome against Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae in a piglet tissue cage infection model. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:100-106. [PMID: 29778180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters and the antibacterial effect of cefquinome against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, a tissue cage infection model was established in piglets. In this model, an initial count of A. pleuropneumoniae of approximately 106 CFU/mL was exposed to different concentrations of cefquinome after multiple administration at dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4 mg/kg body weight once a day for 3 days. Concentration of cefquinome and bacterial numbers of A. pleuropneumoniae in the tissue-cage fluid (TCF) were monitered. An inhibitory form of sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model was used to estimate the relationship between the antibacterial effect and PK/PD indices of cefquinome against A. pleuropneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cefquinome against A. pleuropneumoniae was 0.016 μg/mL in TCF. The total maximum antibacterial effect was a 3.96 log10 (CFU/mL) reduction. In addition, the cumulative percentage of time over a 24 h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC (%T > MIC) was the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) index that best correlated with the antibacterial efficacy (R2 = 0.967). The estimated %T > MIC values were 11.59, 27.49, and 59.81% for a 1/3-log10 (CFU/mL) reduction, a 2/3-log10 (CFU/mL) reduction, and a 1-log10 (CFU/mL) reduction, respectively, during the 24h administration period of cefquinome. In conclusion, cefquinome exhibits excellent antibacterial activity and time-dependent characteristics against A. pleuropneumoniae in vivo. Furthermore, these data provide meaningful guidance to optimize regimens of cefquinome to treat respiratory tract infections caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Uney K, Altan F, Altan S, Erol H, Arican M, Elmas M. Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following the administration of multiple doses in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:239-247. [PMID: 27641837 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics and safety of cefquinome, a 2-amino-5-thiazolyl cephalosporin, were determined after multiple intravenous administrations in sixteen healthy horses. Cefquinome was administered to each horse through a slow i.v. injection over 20 min at 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg (n = 4 horses per dose) every 12 h for 7 days (a total of 13 injections). Serial blood and synovial fluid samples were collected during the 12 h after the administration of the first and last doses and were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The data were evaluated using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses. The estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with the hypothetical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (0.125-2 μg/mL). The plasma and synovial fluid concentrations and area under the concentration-time curves (AUC) of cefquinome showed a dose-dependent increase. After a first dose of cefquinome, the ranges for the mean plasma half-life values (2.30-2.41 h), the mean residence time (1.77-2.25 h), the systemic clearance (158-241 mL/h/kg), and the volume of distribution at steady-state (355-431 mL/kg) were consistent across dose levels and similar to those observed after multiple doses. Cefquinome did not accumulate after multiple doses. Cefquinome penetrated the synovial fluid with AUCsynovial fluid /AUCplasma ratios ranging from 0.57 to 1.37 after first and thirteenth doses, respectively. Cefquinome is well tolerated, with no adverse effects. The percentage of time for which the plasma concentrations were above the MIC was >45% for bacteria, with MIC values of ≤0.25, ≤0.5, and ≤1 μg/mL after the administration of 1, 2, and 4 or 6 mg/kg doses of CFQ at 12-h intervals, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage regimes in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - F Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - S Altan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - H Erol
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Arican
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - M Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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