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Abreu RAD, Almeida LLD, Brito MMD, Rosa Filho RRD, Veronesi MC, Vannucchi CI. Maternal and neonatal cortisol and catecholamines throughout vaginal eutocia and C-section in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 87:106838. [PMID: 38401307 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increased fetal cortisol is associated with catecholamine release, a primary factor for neonatal adaptive responses. However, relationship between canine peripartum cortisol and catecholamine is unknown. We aimed to compare serum adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol during peripartum in bitches and neonates of distinct obstetric conditions and to assess amniotic fluid cortisol concentration. Twenty females and maximum of three puppies per litter were allocated into Vaginal Eutocia (10 females; 17 neonates) and Elective C-section (10 females; 20 neonates) groups. Amniotic fluid was collected at delivery for cortisol concentration. Maternal and neonatal blood were collected prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum and 1h postpartum, and at birth, 30 and 60min, 12hs and 24hs, respectively, for cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline assessment. C-section determined higher noradrenaline throughout delivery and cortisol concentration from intrapartum through 1h postpartum, compared to vaginal birth. C-section maternal cortisol showed progressive increase from intrapartum onwards, while neonatal cortisol remained unchanged. No difference of maternal cortisol concentration occurred along whelping, whereas a significant decrease was verified for vaginal delivery puppies from birth until the 12hs. Puppies delivered vaginally had higher cortisol concentration at birth and 30min, compared to c-section puppies. There was a higher concentration of amniotic fluid cortisol in vaginal eutocia. In conclusion, c-section induces higher maternal stress during and after surgery, whilst vaginal delivery is a more neonatal physiologically stressful condition, contributing to better adaptation during transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Azevedo de Abreu
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Lima de Almeida
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Morales de Brito
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rodrigues da Rosa Filho
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Camila Infantosi Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cain J, Davidson A. Canine Cesarean Section: Emergency and Elective. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00069-4. [PMID: 37246012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Canine Cesarean Section (CS) is primarily performed to increase survival of newborns and less commonly to save the life or reproductive future of the dam. Conducting proper ovulation timing to accurately predict the due date will allow a planned, elective CS as an excellent alternative to a high-risk natural whelping, and possible dystocia, for certain breeds and situations. Techniques for ovulation timing, anesthesia, and surgery tips are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Cain
- Canine Reproduction Center at Ironhorse Vet Care, 7660 Amador Valley Boulevard, Suite E, Dublin, CA 94568, USA.
| | - Autumn Davidson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Dead or Alive? A Review of Perinatal Factors That Determine Canine Neonatal Viability. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111402. [PMID: 35681866 PMCID: PMC9179255 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The article summarizes the current knowledge on factors related to pregnancy, parturition, and newborns that affect the health status of a puppy and determine its chances for survival and development. The detailed information is provided in terms of breed predispositions, objectives of pregnancy monitoring, potential sources of complications, and veterinary advances in care and treatment of perinatal conditions. Successful pregnancy outcomes still pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand. Abstract The perinatal period has a critical impact on viability of the newborns. The variety of factors that can potentially affect the health of a litter during pregnancy, birth, and the first weeks of life requires proper attention from both the breeder and the veterinarian. The health status of puppies can be influenced by various maternal factors, including breed characteristics, anatomy, quality of nutrition, delivery assistance, neonatal care, and environmental or infectious agents encountered during pregnancy. Regular examinations and pregnancy monitoring are key tools for early detection of signals that can indicate disorders even before clinical signs occur. Early detection significantly increases the chances of puppies’ survival and proper development. The purpose of the review was to summarize and discuss the complex interactions between all elements that, throughout pregnancy and the first days of life, have a tangible impact on the subsequent fate of the offspring. Many of these components continue to pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand.
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Ferrari D, Lundgren S, Holmberg J, Edner A, Ekstrand C, Nyman G, Bondesson U, Hagman R. Concentration of carprofen in the milk of lactating bitches after cesarean section and during inflammatory conditions. Theriogenology 2022; 181:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Comparative pharmacokinetic profile of cimicoxib in dogs and cats after IV administration. Vet J 2021; 270:105625. [PMID: 33641805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cimicoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib) registered for the treatment of pain and inflammation in dogs. Pharmacokinetics of some coxibs have been described in dogs and cats. In cats, total body clearance values are lower and terminal half-lives of the coxibs are longer than those in dogs. The aim of this work was to evaluate if this is also the case for cimicoxib. For this purpose, blood pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion after IV administration were compared between these species. The in vitro metabolism of cimicoxib was also evaluated using canine and feline microsomes. In canine and feline microsomes, the formation rate of demethyl-cimicoxib, a phase 1 metabolite, was decreased in presence of quinidine, a specific human cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 inhibitor. IC50 values were 1.6 μM and 0.056 μM with canine and feline microsomes, respectively. As quinidine was about 30 times more potent in feline microsomes, the affinity of cimicoxib to the enzyme was considered to be about 30 times lower than that in canine microsomes. Total body clearance (ClB) of cimicoxib, was 0.50 L/h kg in dogs and 0.14 L/h kg in cats (P < 0.01) and terminal half-life, T½λz, was 1.92 and 5.25 h, respectively (P < 0.01). Dose eliminated in urine was 12.2% in dogs and 3.12% in cats (P < 0.01). Conjugated demethyl-cimicoxib represented 93.7% of this amount in dogs and 67.5% in cats. Thus cimicoxib, like other veterinary coxibs, was eliminated more slowly in cats. Both CYP2D15 (the canine ortholog of CYP2D6) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzyme systems have reduced ability to produce metabolites of cimicoxib in cats.
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Groppetti D, Di Cesare F, Pecile A, Cagnardi P, Merlanti R, D'Urso ES, Gioeni D, Boracchi P, Ravasio G. Maternal and neonatal wellbeing during elective C-section induced with a combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine: How effective is the placental barrier in dogs? Theriogenology 2019; 129:90-98. [PMID: 30826722 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anaesthetics administered during C-section (CS) can cross the placenta and the foetal blood-brain barrier contributing to distress up to neonatal mortality. Therefore, to prevent neonatal risks, sedatives and analgesics are not commonly administered to the bitch until all pups are delivered. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a new anaesthetic and analgesic protocol for elective CS in dogs, focused on both maternal and neonatal wellbeing. General anaesthesia was induced by a combination of propofol (PPF) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) and maintained with isoflurane. DEX was added to PPF in order to provide analgesia and to reduce PPF dose. Propofol and DEX concentrations in maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and placenta were correlated to maternal and neonatal parameters. Maternal pain score was assessed with Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale short-form. Nine healthy purebred dogs scheduled for elective CS delivered 54 pups. The 77.8% of pups were vigorous at birth and assigned to the highest Apgar score (AS). The lowest AS was recorded in pups from mothers receiving additional doses of PPF (p < 0.001). Apgar scores improved with the increase in time between induction and pups' extraction, starting from 30 min after induction (p < 0.01). This study could contribute to clarify the controversy about the optimal extraction's time of pups after induction i.e. the best time between PPF administration and birth. No bitch showed post-operative pain or required additional analgesic doses based on their pain score. Maternal blood PPF and DEX, as well as placental PPF concentrations, decreased over time (p < 0.01). Conversely, placental DEX was fair uniformly detected in littermate pups. Both PPF and DEX were not detectable in amniotic fluid. Placenta resulted an effective barrier against foetal DEX exposure, making this protocol safe, analgesic and advisable for elective CS in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Merlanti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa S D'Urso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Gioeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università; degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanzetti 5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
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