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Bonsembiante F, Giordano A, Gili C, Mazzariol S, Berlanda M, Guglielmini C, Bedin S, Gelain ME. Serum Protein Concentration and Serum Protein Fractions in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1745. [PMID: 37889653 PMCID: PMC10251839 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is the most used and reliable method to determine the percentage of serum protein subfractions. The interpretation of the kinetics of total proteins and albumin and globulin fractions is receiving increased attention in wild animals, as well as in domestic animals, due to the possibility of identifying typical pathologic patterns. However, the interpretation of these data had to be performed in light of an appropriate method-and species- specific reference intervals (RIs). In marine mammals, as well as other non-domestic species, specific attention should also be given to the different environment (free ranging vs. human managed) and the associated different exposure to environmental stimuli. The aim of this report was to establish RIs for the serum protein fractions evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) in bottlenose dolphins under human care. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 bottlenose dolphins during standard veterinary procedures to evaluate their health status. Total protein concentration was determined using the biuret method while AGE was performed using an automated system. A pooled dolphin's serum sample was used to determine the intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision of AGE. The RIs were calculated using an Excel spreadsheet with the Reference Value Advisor set of macroinstructions. The intra and inter-assay imprecisions were 1.2% and 2.5%, respectively, for albumin; 2.9% and 5.7%, respectively, for α-globulins; 3.8% and 4.0%, respectively, for β-globulins; and 3.4% and 4.8%, respectively, for γ-globulins. The total protein, albumin, α-globulin, β-globulin, and γ-globulin concentrations were 65.5 ± 5.4 g/L, 45.5 ± 4.9 g/L, 8.0 ± 1.0 g/L, 5.0 ± 2.0 g/L, and 7.0 ± 2.0 g/L, respectively. We established the RIs for the total protein and serum protein fractions using AGE in bottlenose dolphins under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Claudia Gili
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Michele Berlanda
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (F.B.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Steyrer C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, Ortega J, Encinas T, García-Párraga D. Increasing the data on elasmobranch plasma protein electrophoresis: electrophoretogram reference values determination in the undulate skate (Raja Undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) maintained under human care. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:380. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study determined plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE) reference intervals in two elasmobranch species: the undulate skate (Raja undulata) and the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris), using a reference population of 48 undulate skates (27 males, 21 females) and 62 nursehounds (32 males, 30 females), considered to be clinically healthy. Plasma samples were analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE).
Results
The undulate skate electrophoretogram resembled those previously reported in other batoids and could be divided into seven consistent fractions. No statistically significant differences were detected between sexes and developmental stages. The nursehound electrophoretogram was similar to that previously described in other shark species and could be divided into eight consistent fractions. Fraction 5% was significantly higher in juvenile nursehounds when compared to adults, while fraction 6 concentration and percentage were significantly higher in adults. Fraction 4% was higher in males than in females. Albumin band was not detected, and pre-albumin was negligible in both studied species. Alpha-globulins were predominant in the undulate skate, while beta-globulins were predominant in nursehounds. Statistically significant differences were found in all electrophoretogram fraction percentages and concentrations between the two species.
Conclusion
To the authors knowledge, this is the first study reporting PPE values in undulate skates and nursehounds, and the first study using CZE in elasmobranch plasma. These findings can serve as a primary reference for health monitoring in both species and will add to the limited data available on PPE in elasmobranchs.
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Cray C. Protein electrophoresis of non-traditional species: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:478-494. [PMID: 34881455 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EPH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in companion animals while providing an opportunity to characterize globulinemias, including paraproteinemia. In EPH of non-traditional species, these same applications are important, but the primary use is to gauge the acute-phase and humoral immune responses. This includes the valid quantitation of albumin as well as the examination of fractions reflective of increases in acute-phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Agarose gel EPH and, more recently, capillary zone EPH have been applied to samples from these species. Performing these analyses provides special challenges in the placement of fraction delimits, generation of RIs, and interpretation of results. Recommended as part of routine bloodwork, EPH can also provide key results that are helpful in clinical and field-based health assessments as well as in prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Villanueva‐Saz S, Ballesté C, Fernández Casasnovas A, Yzuel Estevez A, Verde Arribas MT. Bisalbuminemia in a dog with leishmaniosis after anti‐
Leishmania
therapeutic protocol administration: a rare condition detected in the electrophoretogram. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva‐Saz
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department – Clinical Immunology LaboratoryVeterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | | | - Antonio Fernández Casasnovas
- Animal Pathology Department – Clinical Immunology LaboratoryVeterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Andrés Yzuel Estevez
- Clinical Immunology LaboratoryVeterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Maria Teresa Verde Arribas
- Animal Pathology Department – Clinical Immunology LaboratoryVeterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
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Gelain ME, Bonsembiante F. Acute Phase Proteins in Marine Mammals: State of Art, Perspectives and Challenges. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1220. [PMID: 31191557 PMCID: PMC6549532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “acute phase response” (APR) is referred to a nonspecific and complex reaction of an organism that occurs shortly after any tissue damage, such as infection, trauma, neoplasia, inflammation, and stress. The APR can be identified and monitored with some laboratory tests, such as the concentration of several plasma proteins, the acute phase proteins (APPs). The APPs are components of the non-specific innate immune response, and their plasma concentration is proportional to the severity and/or the extent of tissue damage. The evaluation of health status of marine mammals is difficult because the classical clinical signs of illness used for human and domestic animals are difficult to recognize and understand. For this reason, in the past years, several efforts were done to identify laboratory markers of disease in these animals. The APPs have demonstrated their role as early markers of inflammation in veterinary medicine, thus several APPs were tested in marine mammals, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid-A (SAA), and Haptoglobin (Hp). However, the difficulty to extrapolate the knowledge about APPs in one species to another, the lack of specie-specific reagents, the absence of data about negative APPs have hampered their extent use in marine mammals. Herein, the state of art of APPs in marine mammals is reviewed, with particular attention to pre-analytical and analytical factors that should be taken into account in validation and interpretation of APPs assays. Moreover, the current application, potential utility and the future developments of APPs in marine mammals is highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Gili C, Bonsembiante F, Beffagna G, Mazzariol S, Gelain ME. Mutations and polymorphism in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) albumin gene: First identification of mutations responsible for inherited bisalbuminemia. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:12-17. [PMID: 28273558 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary bisalbuminemia is an asymptomatic and heterozygous condition in a range of species characterized by the presence of two serum albumin fractions with different electrophoretic mobility resulting in a bicuspid pattern on serum electrophoresis. Bisalbuminemia has been diagnosed by electrophoresis in two bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) families, but causative mutations and the inheritance pattern have not been identified. The aims of this work are: to investigate polymorphisms of the bottlenose dolphin albumin gene and to identify mutations causative of bisalbuminemia; to identify the inheritance pattern in two bottlenose dolphin families. Coding regions of the albumin gene were screened for mutations in 15 bottlenose dolphins kept under human care from two distinct families. Eighteen albumin mutations (three synonymous and 15 non-synonymous) were identified. Two non-synonymous variations co-segregated with bisalbuminemic phenotype: p.Phe146Leu in exon 4 and p.Tyr163His in exon 5. The amino acid change in exon 5 was associated with the secondary and/or tertiary structure variation of the protein and has been reported as causative of bisalbuminemia in humans. Pedigree analysis of the dolphin families showed an autosomal codominant inheritance pattern. In this work, the mutations potentially responsible for bisalbuminemia were identified and confirmed the autosomal codominant trait in bottlenose dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gili
- Costa Edutainment spa, Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128 Genova, Italy.
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giorgia Beffagna
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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