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Chen Y, Ji X, Zhang S, Wang W, Zhang H, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of tilmicosin against Pasteurella multocida in a piglet tissue cage model. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1260990. [PMID: 37732140 PMCID: PMC10507324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1260990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilmicosin is a semi-synthetic macrolide for veterinary use with strong antibacterial effect on respiratory bacteria. In this study, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration of tilmicosin against Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was evaluated by establishing a piglet tissue cage infection model. Concentration of tilmicosin and bacterial numbers of P. multocida in the tissue-cage fluid were monitered. After the population of P. multocida was equal to or greater than 107 CFU/mL in a tissue cage, piglets received an oral administration of tilmicosin at a dose of 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg b.w., once daily for 3 days, respectively. Bacteria were counted every 24 h after drug administration and at 48 and 72 h after the last administration. A sigmoidal Emax model was used to fit the relationship between PK/PD parameters and the antibacterial effect. AUC24h/MIC was the best PK/PD index that correlated with effectiveness of tilmicosin against P. multocida. The magnitude of AUC24h/MIC required for continuous 1/3-log, 1/2-log, and 3/4-log reductions were 19.65 h, 23.86 h, and 35.77 h, respectively, during each 24 h treatment period. In this study, when the dosage was >50 mg/kg, the AUC24h/MIC was still >35.77 h in the period of 24-48 h after the last administration due to the slow elimination, that is, tilmicosin exhibited a potent antibacterial effect against P. multocida after three successive daily administrations. The data provide meaningful guidance to optimize regimens of tilmicosin to treat respiratory tract infections caused by P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang L, Xie H, Wang Y, Wang H, Hu J, Zhang G. Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Integration Models. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:860472. [PMID: 35400105 PMCID: PMC8989418 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.860472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration models are used to investigate the antimicrobial activity characteristics of drugs targeting pathogenic bacteria through comprehensive analysis of the interactions between PK and PD parameters. PK/PD models have been widely applied in the development of new drugs, optimization of the dosage regimen, and prevention and treatment of drug-resistant bacteria. In PK/PD analysis, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the most commonly applied PD parameter. However, accurately determining MIC is challenging and this can influence the therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize PD indices to generate more rational results. Researchers have attempted to optimize PD parameters using mutant prevention concentration (MPC)-based PK/PD models, multiple PD parameter-based PK/PD models, kill rate-based PK/PD models, and others. In this review, we discuss progress on PD parameters for PK/PD models to provide a valuable reference for drug development, determining the dosage regimen, and preventing drug-resistant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongbing Xie
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhe Hu ;
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
- Gaiping Zhang
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Chen Q, Zhang Z, Chen S, Chen J, Cheng Y, Liu A, Li B, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Ga M, Du L, Wang F. Genome-Wide Differential Expression Profiling of Pulmonary circRNAs Associated With Immune Reaction to Pasteurella multocida in Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615405. [PMID: 34235193 PMCID: PMC8256745 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a highly versatile pathogen that infects a wide range of animals, including goats, causing pneumonia and hemorrhagic septicemia. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA that plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism. However, whether and how circRNA is involved in regulating immune responses in the goat lung has not been reported. Thus, this study was designed to examine the function of circRNA in goats infected with Pasteurella multocida. Goats were assigned into one of two groups: an uninfected control group (CK) and an infected group challenged with P. multocida. Compared with the CK group, which remained healthy, the infected goats showed clinical signs of infection, including depression, cough, nasal discharge, and dyspnea, along with elevated body temperature and lesions in the lung. Whole-transcriptome sequencing and small RNA sequencing were then performed using lung samples from goats from each group. A total of 138 circRNA, 56 microRNAs (miRNA), and 2,673 messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules were significantly differentially expressed in the P. multocida-infected group compared with the CK group. Randomly selected differentially expressed circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA molecules (n = 5 per group) were then validated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the source genes indicated that six immune-related terms were enriched among the differentially expressed cirRNA molecules, including inflammatory response, immune effector process, cell activation involved in immune response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, response to endogenous stimulus, and immune response. The corresponding circRNA molecules were then selected for construction of a competitive endogenous RNA network to identify networks that may be involved in the immune response to P. multocida infection. The results indicated that P. multocida HN01 may cause pneumonia and stimulate an immune response in goats via regulation of circRNA expression. This study presents the first comprehensive circRNA profile in response to P. multocida infection in goats, thus, providing a basis for understanding the function of circRNA in the host immune response to P. multocida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Si Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ang Liu
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Manchuriga Ga
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Du
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fengyang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin treatment of Escherichia coli in a murine thigh infection modeling. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:212. [PMID: 34107961 PMCID: PMC8191022 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enrofloxacin is an antibacterial drug with broad-spectrum activity that is widely indicated for veterinary use. We aim to develop the clinical applications of Enrofloxacin against colibacillosis by using the neutropenic mice thigh infection model. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of 67 isolated E. coli strains to ENR was calculated using CLSI guidelines. Whereas, the MIC50 value calculation was considered as the population PD parameter for ENR against E. coli strains. The MIC values of 15 E. coli strains were found to be nearest to the MIC50 i.e., 0.25 μg/mL. Of all the tested strains, the PK-PD and E. coli disease model was established via selected E. coli strain i.e., Heilong 15. We analyzed the PK characteristics of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) following a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of ENR (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). The concentration-time profiling of ENR within the plasma specimens was determined by considering the non-compartmental analysis (NCA). The basic PK parameters of ENR for the peak drug concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were found to be in the range of 0.27-1.97 μg/mL and 0.62-3.14 μg.h/mL, respectively. Multiple s.c. injection over 24 h (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg at various time points i.e., 6, 8, 12, and 24 h respectively) were administered to assess the targeted PD values. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to choose PD models, and the model with the lowest AIC was chosen. The inhibitory Emax model was employed to calculate the related PK-PD parameters. The results of our study indicated that there was a strong correlation between the AUC/MIC and various antibacterial activities (R2 = 0.9928). The target values of dividing AUC/MIC by 24 h for bacteriostatic action were 1-log10 reduction, 2-log10 reduction, and 3-log10 reduction 0.325, 0.4375, 0.63, and 0.95 accordingly. CONCLUSION The identified pharmacodynamics targets for various antibacterial effects will be crucial in enhancing ENR clinical applications and serving as a key step in reducing bacterial resistance.
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Li HC, Xu QM, Liu LM, Wu LH, Tang ZT, Cui H, Liu YC. A new magnesium(II) complex of marbofloxacin: Crystal structure, antibacterial activity and acute toxicity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhou Z, Gu X, Huang S, Shen X, Ding H. Murine Thigh Microdialysis to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Cefquinome Against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:448. [PMID: 32851028 PMCID: PMC7419427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the application of microdialysis in pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) integration of cefquinome against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. After the A. pleuropneumoniae population reached 106 CFU/thigh, the mice received 0.04, 0.16, 0.63, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg cefquinome by subcutaneous injection. Plasma samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture for 4 h, and thigh dialysate was obtained by microdialysis at a flow rate of 1.5 μL/min for 6 h for the PK study. For the PD experiment, the infected mice were treated with a 4-fold-increase in the total cefquinome dose, ranging from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/24 h, divided into one, two, three, four, and eight doses. The number of bacteria was determined and an inhibitory sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model was used to analyse the relationships between PK/PD parameters and efficacy. The mean penetration of cefquinome from plasma to the thigh was 0.591. The PK data for PK/PD integration were obtained by extrapolation. The fittest PK/PD parameter for efficacy evaluation was %fT>MIC (the percentage of time that free drug concentrations exceed the MIC). The magnitudes of %fT>MIC to achieve net bacterial stasis, 1-log10 CFU reduction, 2-log10 CFU reduction, and 3-log10 CFU reduction were 19.56, 28.65, 41.59, and 67.07 % in plasma and 21.74, 36.11, 52.96, and 82.68% in murine thigh, respectively. Microdialysis was first applied to evaluate the PK/PD integration of cefquinome against A. pleuropneumoniae. These results would provide valuable references when we apply microdialysis to study the PK/PD integration model and use cefquinome to treat animal diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zichong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sixiu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo W, Chen D, Wu M, Li Z, Tao Y, Liu Q, Pan Y, Qu W, Yuan Z, Xie S. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics models of veterinary antimicrobial agents. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e40. [PMID: 31565887 PMCID: PMC6769327 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhe Luo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengru Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenxia Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Xiao X, Jiang L, Lan W, Jiang Y, Wang Z. In vivo pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic modeling of Enrofloxacin against Escherichia coli in broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:374. [PMID: 30497453 PMCID: PMC6267815 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic Escherichia coli infections cause early mortality of commercial broiler chickens. Although enrofloxacin has long been used in poultry, the in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of enrofloxacin against E. coli is unclear. The present study aimed to establish an in vivo PK/PD model of enrofloxacin against E. coli in seven-day-old chicks and to ascertain whether the selection of target organ for PD determination is critical for parameter magnitude calculation in enrofloxacin PK/PD modeling. Results The in vivo effectiveness of enrofloxacin against E. coli in different organs varied, with the Emax ranging from − 4.4 to − 5.8 Log10 colony forming units (cfu)/mL or cfu/g. Both the surrogate AUC0–24/MIC of enrofloxacin or AUC0–24/MIC of the combination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin correlated well with effectiveness in each organ. The AUC0–24/MIC ratio of the combination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin producing bactericidal and elimination effects were 21.29 and 32.13 in blood; 41.68, and 58.52 in the liver; and 27.65 and 46.22 in the lung, respectively. Conclusions The in vivo effectiveness of enrofloxacin against E. coli in different organs was not identical after administration of the same dosage. To describe the magnitude of PK/PD parameter exactly, bacterial loading reduction in different organs as PD endpoints should be evaluated and compared in PK/PD modeling. The selection of a target organ to evaluate PDs is critical for rational dosage recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Khaliq H, Cao J, He Q. PK-PD Analysis of Marbofloxacin against Streptococcus suis in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:856. [PMID: 29209222 PMCID: PMC5701813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marbofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and highly effective treatment for respiratory diseases. Here we aimed to evaluate the ex vivo activity of marbofloxacin against Streptococcus suis in pig serum, as well as the optimal dosages scheme for avoiding the fluoroquinolone resistance development. A single dose of 8 mg/kg body weight (bw) was administrated orally to healthy pigs and serum samples were collected during the next 72 h. Serum marbofloxacin content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. We estimated the Cmax (6.28 μg/ml), AUC0-24 h (60.30 μg.h/ml), AUC0-∞ (88.94 μg.h/ml), T1/2ke, (12.48 h), Tmax (0.75 h) and Clb (0.104 L/h) of marbofloxacin in pigs, as well as the bioavailability of marbofloxacin (94.21%) after a single 8 mg/kg oral administration. We also determined the pharmacodynamic of marbofloxacin against 134 Streptococcus suis strains isolated from Chinese cities in TSB and serum. These isolated strains had a MIC90 of 1 μg/ml. HB2, a virulent, serotype 2 isolate of SS, was selected for having antibacterial activity in TSB and serum to marbofloxacin. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 1 μg/ml in TSB, 2 μg/ml in serum), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC, 4 μg/ml in TSB, 4 μg/ml in serum), and mutant prevention concentration (2.56 μg/ml in TSB) for marbofloxacin against Streptococcus suis (HB2). In serum, by inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling, the AUC0-24h/MIC values for marbofloxacin against HB2 were 25.23 (bacteriostatic), 35.64 (bactericidal), and 39.71 (elimination) h. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the predicted optimal oral doses of marbofloxacin curing Streptococcus suis were 5.88 (bacteriostatic), 8.34 (bactericidal), and 9.36 (elimination) mg/kg.bw for a 50% target attainment ratio, and 8.16 (bacteriostatic), 11.31 (bactericidal), and 12.35 (elimination) mg/kg.bw for a 90% target attainment ratio. The data presented here provides optimized dosage information for clinical use; however, these predicted dosages should also be validated in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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