1
|
Jian Z, Jiang C, Zhu L, Li F, Deng L, Ai Y, Lai S, Xu Z. Infectivity and pathogenesis characterization of getah virus (GETV) strain via different inoculation routes in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33432. [PMID: 39040396 PMCID: PMC11260979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the epidemiological profile of Getah virus (GETV) has become increasingly serious, posing a huge threat to animal and public health in China. GETV can cause multi-species infection, including horses, pigs, rats, cattle, kangaroos, reptiles and birds. However, there were few reports on the efficiency of the virus entering the host via routes of different systems. In the present study, a GETV strain (SC201807) was obtained from a piglet's blood in 2018 in Sichuan, China. First, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) SYBR assay specific to GETV. Then, we evaluated the infection efficiency of different routes using mouse animal model. 108 male mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: intramuscular, intraoral and intranasal infection routes, and negative control. All mice in the experimental group were inoculated with 4 × 102.85 TCID50 GETV virus. Tissue tropism experiments show that GETV has a wide range of tissue distribution, and intramuscular infection is the first to infect all tissues of the body, and suggest that oral infection may be a new GETV transmission route. Histopathological examination results showed that intramuscular injection of GETV mainly caused different degrees of pathological damage to the tissues, and could rapidly induce a large amount of inflammatory regulatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our data may help us to evaluate the risk of transmission of Porcine Getah virus and provide an experimental basis for the prevention and control of Porcine Getah virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chaoyuan Jiang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Chengdu Zhongji Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, No. 37, Middle Section, Heshan Street, Pujiang County, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Azerigyik FA, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Amoa-Bosompem M, Matsumura R, Kai I, Sasaki T, Higa Y, Isawa H, Iwanaga S, Ishino T. Evaluating the mosquito host range of Getah virus and the vector competence of selected medically important mosquitoes in Getah virus transmission. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:99. [PMID: 36922882 PMCID: PMC10015795 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) that is of significant importance in veterinary medicine. It has been associated with major polyarthritis outbreaks in animals, but there are insufficient data on its clinical symptoms in humans. Serological evidence of GETV exposure and the risk of zoonotic transmission makes GETV a potentially medically relevant arbovirus. However, minimal emphasis has been placed on investigating GETV vector transmission, which limits current knowledge of the factors facilitating the spread and outbreaks of GETV. METHODS To examine the range of the mosquito hosts of GETV, we selected medically important mosquitoes, assessed them in vitro and in vivo and determined their relative competence in virus transmission. The susceptibility and growth kinetics of GETVs in various mosquito-derived cell lines were also determined and quantified using plaque assays. Vector competency assays were also conducted, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and plaque assays were used to determine the susceptibility and transmission capacity of each mosquito species evaluated in this study. RESULTS GETV infection in all of the investigated mosquito cell lines resulted in detectable cytopathic effects. GETV reproduced the fastest in Culex tritaeniorhynchus- and Aedes albopictus-derived cell lines, as evidenced by the highest exponential titers we observed. Regarding viral RNA copy numbers, mosquito susceptibility to infection, spread, and transmission varied significantly between species. The highest vector competency indices for infection, dissemination and transmission were obtained for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. This is the first study to investigate the ability of Ae. albopictus and Anopheles stephensi to transmit GETV, and the results emphasize the role and capacity of other mosquito species to transmit GETV upon exposure to GETV, in addition to the perceived vectors from which GETV has been isolated in nature. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of GETV vector competency studies to determine all possible transmission vectors, especially in endemic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ochi A, Bannai H, Aonuma H, Kanuka H, Uchida-Fujii E, Kinoshita Y, Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Ueno T, Nemoto M. Surveillance of Getah virus in mosquitoes and racehorses from 2016 to 2019 at a training center in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, a site of several previous Getah virus outbreaks. Arch Virol 2023; 168:35. [PMID: 36609628 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes and EDTA-treated blood samples from febrile racehorses were investigated for Getah virus infection from 2016 to 2019 at the Miho Training Center, where several outbreaks of Getah virus have occurred. We collected 5557 mosquitoes and 331 blood samples from febrile horses in this study. The most frequently captured mosquito species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (51.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (14.2%) and Anopheles sinensis (11.2%). Getah virus was detected in mosquitoes (Aedes vexans nipponii) in 2016 (strain 16-0810-26) but not in 2017-2019. Six of 74 febrile horses in 2016 and one of 69 in 2019 tested positive for Getah virus; none of the horses tested positive in 2017 or 2018. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that strain 16-0810-26 was closely related to strains that had been isolated from horses and a pig around the training center in 2014-2016 but have not been detected in samples collected at the training center since 2017. In contrast, the strain isolated from the infected horse in 2019 (19-I-703) was genetically distinct from the strains isolated from horses and a pig in 2014-2016 and was more closely related to a strain isolated in 1978 at the training center. The source of strain 19-I-703 is unclear, but the virus was not detected in other horses sampled in 2019. In summary, we found that the distribution of mosquito species present at the training center had not changed significantly since 1979, and although a small outbreak of Getah virus infection occurred among horses at the training center in 2016, limited Getah virus activity was detected in mosquitoes and horses at the training center from 2017 to 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Getah Virus (Alphavirus): An Emerging, Spreading Zoonotic Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080945. [PMID: 36015065 PMCID: PMC9416625 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by mosquitoes, belonging to the Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in Malaysia in 1955, being widespread in island countries in the South Pacific region. Since the beginning of the 21st century, GETV expanded its range and geographical distribution from low-latitude tropical regions to 60° north latitude, being isolated from 17 different species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera of Culicidae (Culex, Anopheles, Armigeres, Aedes and Mansonia), as well as from midges in Eurasia. Molecular genetic evolution analysis revealed large molecular differences between the mosquitoes currently circulating Eurasia and those in the South Pacific in 1950s. The number of disease outbreaks caused by GETV in animals is increasing alongside the types of animals infected, from horses and pigs to cattle, blue foxes and red pandas. The disease burden is severely underestimated, and the economic cost to livestock production remains unknown. Herein, we review GETV temporal and spatial distribution, molecular genetic evolution, transmission and data on disease outbreaks. This work provides a reference for public health workers engaged in GETV research and zoonotic disease prevention and control.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi N, Qiu X, Cao X, Mai Z, Zhu X, Li N, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Z, Shaya N, Lu H, Jin N. Molecular and Serological Surveillance of Getah Virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2017-2020. Virol Sin 2022; 37:229-237. [PMID: 35527224 PMCID: PMC9170979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne RNA virus, is widely distributed in Oceania and Asia. GETV is not the only pathogenic to horses, pigs, cattle, foxes and boars, but it can also cause fever in humans. Since its first reported case in Chinese mainland in 2017, the number of GETV-affected provinces has increased to seventeen till now. Therefore, we performed an epidemiologic investigation of GETV in the Xinjiang region, located in northwestern China, during the period of 2017–2020. ELISA was used to analyze 3299 serum samples collected from thoroughbred horse, local horse, sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs, with thoroughbred horse (74.8%), local horse (67.3%), goat (11.7%), sheep (10.0%), cattle (25.1%) and pigs (51.1%) being positive for anti-GETV antibodies. Interestingly, the neutralizing antibody titer in horses was much higher than in other species. Four samples from horses and pigs were positive for GETV according to RT-PCR. Furthermore, from the serum of a local horse, we isolated GETV which was designated as strain XJ-2019-07, and determined its complete genome sequence. From the phylogenetic relationships, it belongs to the Group III lineage. This is the first evidence of GETV associated to domestic animals in Xinjiang. Overall, GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses. We firstly reported the epidemiology and isolation of GETV infection in livestock in Xinjiang. GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, 830052, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nuerlan Shaya
- Yili Center of Animal Disease Control and Diagnosis, Yili Animal Health Inspection, Yining, 844500, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi N, Zhu X, Qiu X, Cao X, Jiang Z, Lu H, Jin N. Origin, genetic diversity, adaptive evolution and transmission dynamics of Getah virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1037-e1050. [PMID: 34812572 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the Alphavirus, Getah virus (GETV) was becoming more serious and posing a serious threat to animal safety and public health. However, the circulation, distribution and evolution of GETV is not well understood. Hence, we integrated a variety of bioinformatic methodologies, from genomic alterations to systematic analysis, phylogeography, selection, adaptive analysis, prediction of protein modification, structural biology and molecular dynamics simulations to understand the characteristics of GETV. The results of phylogeography and molecular evolution show that due to the lack of vaccine, GETV is rapidly expanding its host range and geographical distribution at a high evolutionary rate. We also predicted the important modification sites, and identified the adaptive and active selection sites. Finally, the analysis of spatial structure and function showed that six adaptive sites may be related to the structural stability, receptor binding ability, immunogenicity and immune evasion of the virus, respectively. The data from this study have important implications for the understanding of ongoing GETV outbreaks worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against GETV. In particular, biosafety measures should be strengthened immediately to prevent GETV from becoming a pandemic, especially in China, South Korea and Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang Y, Zhang W, Xue JB, Zhang Y. Monitoring Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus in Various Insect Regions in China in 2018. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640993. [PMID: 33791242 PMCID: PMC8006455 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increases in global travel and trade are changing arbovirus distributions worldwide. Arboviruses can be introduced by travelers, migratory birds, or vectors transported via international trade. Arbovirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes may provide early evidence for mosquito-borne disease transmission. Methods During the seasons of high mosquito activity of 2018, 29,285 mosquitoes were sampled from seven sentinel sites in various insect regions. The mosquitoes were analyzed by RT-PCR for alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and orthobunyaviruses. Results We detected three strains of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), five strains of Getah virus (GETV), and 45 strains of insect-specific flaviviruses including Aedes flavivirus (AeFV, 1), Chaoyang virus (CHAOV, 1), Culex flavivirus (CxFV, 17), Hanko virus (HANKV, 2), QuangBinh virus (QBV, 22), and Yunnan Culex flavivirus (YNCxFV, 2). Whole genomes of one strain each of GETV, CxFV, CHAOV, and AeFV were successfully amplified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the new JEV strains detected in the Shanghai and Hubei Provinces belong to the GI-b strain and are phylogenetically close to the NX1889 strain (MT134112) isolated from a patient during a JE outbreak in Ningxia in 2018. GETVs were found in Inner Mongolia, Hubei, and Hainan and belonged to Group III. They were closely related to strains isolated from swine. HANKV was recorded for the first time in China and other ISFVs were newly detected at several sentinel sites. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation value for JEV in Jinshan, Shanghai was 4.52/1,000 (range 0.80-14.64). Hence, there is a potential risk of a JEV epidemic in that region. Conclusion GI-b is the dominant circulating JEV genotype in nature and poses a health risk to animals and humans. The potential threat of widespread GETV distribution as a zoonosis is gradually increasing. The present study also disclosed the dispersion and host range of ISFVs. These findings highlight the importance of tracing the movements of the vectors and hosts of mosquito-borne pathogens in order to prevent and control arbovirus outbreaks in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ren T, Mo Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Nong Z, Wang J, Niu C, Liu C, Chen Y, Ouyang K, Huang W, Wei Z. Emergence and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Getah Virus Isolated in Southern China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552517. [PMID: 33344520 PMCID: PMC7744783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) has caused many outbreaks in animals in recent years. Monitoring of the virus and its related diseases is crucial to control the transmission of the virus. In the summer of 2018, we conducted routine tests on clinical samples from different pig farms in Guangxi province, South China, and isolated and characterized a GETV strain, named GX201808. Cytopathic effects were observed in BHK-21 cells inoculated with GX201808. The expression of E2 protein of GETV could be detected in virus-infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the virus particles were spherical and ~70 nm in diameter with featured surface fibers. The multistep growth curves showed the virus propagated well in the BHK-21 cells. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that GX201808 belongs to Group 3, represented by Kochi-01-2005 isolated in Japan in 2005, and it clustered closely with the recently reported Chinese strains isolated from pigs, cattle, and foxes. A comparison of the identities of nucleotides and amino acids in the coding regions demonstrated that the GX201808 showed the highest amino acid identity (99.6%) with the HuN1 strain, a highly pathogenic isolate resulting in an outbreak of GETV infection in swine herds in Hunan province in 2017. In the present study, GETV was identified and isolated for the first time in Guangxi province of southern China, suggesting that future surveillance of this virus should be strengthened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingrong Mo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuorong Nong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxia Niu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi N, Li LX, Lu RG, Yan XJ, Liu H. Highly Pathogenic Swine Getah Virus in Blue Foxes, Eastern China, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1252-1254. [PMID: 31107236 PMCID: PMC6537705 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated Getah virus from infected foxes in Shandong Province, eastern China. We sequenced the complete Getah virus genome, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship with a highly pathogenic swine epidemic strain in China. Epidemiologic investigation showed that pigs might play a pivotal role in disease transmission to foxes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sam SS, Teoh BT, Chee CM, Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Abd-Jamil J, Loong SK, Khor CS, Tan KK, AbuBakar S. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of Getah virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17632. [PMID: 30518924 PMCID: PMC6281642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging animal pathogen causing outbreaks among racehorses and pigs. Early detection of the GETV infection is essential for timely implementation of disease prevention and control interventions. Thus, a rapid and accurate nucleic acid detection method for GETV is highly needed. Here, two TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were developed. The qRT-PCR primers and TaqMan MGB probe were designed based on the conserved region of nsP1 and nsP2 genes of 23 GETV genome sequences retrieved from GenBank. Only the qRT-PCR assay using nsP2-specific primers and probe detected all two Malaysia GETV strains (MM2021 and B254) without cross-reacting with other closely related arboviruses. The qRT-PCR assay detected as few as 10 copies of GETV RNA, but its detection limit at the 95% probability level was 63.25 GETV genome copies (probit analysis, P ≤ 0.05). Further validation of the qRT-PCR assay using 16 spiked simulated clinical specimens showed 100% for both sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the qRT-PCR assay developed in this study is useful for rapid, sensitive and specific detection and quantification of GETV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Sin Sam
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheah-Mun Chee
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Juraina Abd-Jamil
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shih-Keng Loong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Sieng Khor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kim-Kee Tan
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Y, Fu S, Guo X, Li X, Li M, Wang L, Gao X, Lei W, Cao L, Lu Z, He Y, Wang H, Zhou H, Liang G. Serological Survey of Getah Virus in Domestic Animals in Yunnan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:59-61. [PMID: 29957135 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected neutralizing antibodies of Getah virus (GETV) in serum specimens of domestic animals collected from Yunnan Province in China. Antibodies were detected in serum specimens of chicken, duck, dairy cattle, pig, and beef cattle. The positive rate of antibodies in pig and beef cattle was high (46-72%), with titers of 1:640-1:2560. These results suggest that there may be a large number of host animals for GETV in the local area. It is important to improve the monitoring of the incidence of GETV infection in domestic animals, in particular among pigs and beef cattle, by surveillance for animal illness and testing of sick animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- 1 National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- 4 Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying He
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- 4 Yunnan Provincial Center of Arborvirus Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Phichitraslip T, Prasertsincharoen N, Noguchi K, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Supriyono, Tran NTB, Takano A, Suzuki K, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Yokoyama M, Takeda T, Jittapalapong S, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Maeda K. Getah virus epizootic among wild boars in Japan around 2012. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2817-2821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Yang T, Li R, Hu Y, Yang L, Zhao D, Du L, Li J, Ge M, Yu X. An outbreak of Getah virus infection among pigs in China, 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:632-637. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - R. Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - Y. Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - L. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - D. Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - L. Du
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science; Changsha China
| | - J. Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science; Changsha China
| | - M. Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| | - X. Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Complete Genome Sequences of Getah Virus Strains Isolated from Horses in 2016 in Japan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/31/e00750-17. [PMID: 28774985 PMCID: PMC5543647 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00750-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Getah virus is mosquito-borne and causes disease in horses and pigs. We sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of three strains isolated from horses in Ibaraki Prefecture, eastern Japan, in 2016. They were almost identical to the genomes of strains recently isolated from horses, pigs, and mosquitoes in Japan.
Collapse
|