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Flores JA, Rovesti GL, Gimenez-Ortiz L, Rodriguez-Quiros J. Retrospective Assessment of Thirty-Two Cases of Pelvic Fractures Stabilized by External Fixation in Dogs and Classification Proposal. Vet Sci 2023; 10:656. [PMID: 37999479 PMCID: PMC10675007 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to evaluate the outcomes of bone healing, patient comfort during the treatment, functional results, and complications in pelvic fractures treated with external fixation, as well as to propose a classification system for the applied external frames. A total of thirty-two canine patients with pelvic fractures of different origins were treated. To provide a better reference for the frames used, an alphanumeric classification system was developed, detailing the frame structure and the number and location of the pins used. In this study, eighty-six fractures were treated in the 32 patients of this work, with an average fixation time of 9.88 ± 4.15 weeks. No major complications were detected in this case cohort, and the outcomes were rated at 9.46 based on a visual assessment scale for the patient's comfort during treatment. Outcomes graded as excellent and good were 96%. The use of external fixation for stabilization of pelvic fractures should be considered as a technical option, especially for minimally invasive stabilization of complex fractures, either as a primary or secondary stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Flores
- Hospital Veterinario IVC Evidensia Prïvet, Calle Duero 37, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gian Luca Rovesti
- Clinica Veterinaria M. E. Miller, Via della Costituzione 10, 42025 Cavriago, Italy;
| | - Lucia Gimenez-Ortiz
- Clínico Veterinario Val de Iglesias, Calle de la Corredera Alta 30, San Martín de Valdeiglesias, 28680 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Quiros
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Zhang S, Patel D, Brady M, Gambill S, Theivendran K, Deshmukh S, Swadener J, Junaid S, Leslie LJ. Experimental testing of fracture fixation plates: A review. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:1253-1272. [PMID: 35920401 PMCID: PMC9449446 DOI: 10.1177/09544119221108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metal and its alloys have been predominantly used in fracture fixation for
centuries, but new materials such as composites and polymers have begun to see
clinical use for fracture fixation during the past couple of decades. Along with
the emerging of new materials, tribological issues, especially debris, have
become a growing concern for fracture fixation plates. This article for the
first time systematically reviews the most recent biomechanical research, with a
focus on experimental testing, of those plates within ScienceDirect and PubMed
databases. Based on the search criteria, a total of 5449 papers were retrieved,
which were then further filtered to exclude nonrelevant, duplicate or
non-accessible full article papers. In the end, a total of 83 papers were
reviewed. In experimental testing plates, screws and simulated bones or cadaver
bones are employed to build a fixation construct in order to test the strength
and stability of different plate and screw configurations. The test set-up
conditions and conclusions are well documented and summarised here, including
fracture gap size, types of bones deployed, as well as the applied load, test
speed and test ending criteria. However, research on long term plate usage was
very limited. It is also discovered that there is very limited experimental
research around the tribological behaviour particularly on the debris’
generation, collection and characterisation. In addition, there is no identified
standard studying debris of fracture fixation plate. Therefore, the authors
suggested the generation of a suite of tribological testing standards on
fracture fixation plate and screws in the aim to answer key questions around the
debris from fracture fixation plate of new materials or new design and
ultimately to provide an insight on how to reduce the risks of debris-related
osteolysis, inflammation and aseptic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiling Zhang
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dharmesh Patel
- Invibio Biomaterial Solutions Limited, Hillhouse International, Thornton-Cleveleys, UK
| | - Mark Brady
- Invibio Biomaterial Solutions Limited, Hillhouse International, Thornton-Cleveleys, UK
| | - Sherri Gambill
- Invibio Biomaterial Solutions Limited, Hillhouse International, Thornton-Cleveleys, UK
| | | | - Subodh Deshmukh
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Swadener
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Junaid
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Jane Leslie
- Aston Institute of Materials Research (AIMR), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Moi TSM, Minto BW, Macedo AP, Lucena DVF, Malta CAS, Dias LGGG. Preliminary study on a novel dedicated plate for iliac fractures in dogs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269313. [PMID: 36018880 PMCID: PMC9416997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate a novel plate designed specifically for the canine ilium using finite element methods. The cranial portion of the plate had an elliptical shape and contained nine screw holes. The caudal portion of the plate was triangular with three screw holes. Four and three screws were used at the cranial (screw 1 to 4) and caudal (screw 5 to 7) segment of the plate. Finite element models of the plate and canine pelvis were created. A load of 300 N was applied on the femur-hip joint contact area. Values of Von Mises Stress on the plate, screws and the maximum and minimum main stresses in the bone were used to capture the mechanical factors in this study. Results The novel implant had a plate stress of 51.9 megapascals (MPa) with higher stress in the dorsal part of the plate. Screws 2 and 4 showed similar stress values of 17.3 MPa. Screws 1 and 3 were the most loaded (51.9 MPa and 75 MPa, respectively). Screws 5, 6, and 7 showed similar dissipation and stress values (21.55 MPa). There was traction force in the dorsal region of the pubis and compression in the ventral part, with dissipation and values of 15.4 MPa and 23.9 MPa, respectively, acquiring balance between them. Conclusion The novel plate is potentially applicable and specifically suitable for iliac fractures in dogs. The screws distribution modeled proved itself strategical since the simulated stresses were evenly distributed throughout the implant construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryssia S. M. Moi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno W. Minto
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Macedo
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dayvid V. F. Lucena
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio A. S. Malta
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis G. G. G. Dias
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salinger A, Mochal-King C, Clinton K, Priddy LB, Elder S, Fontenot R, Eddy A, Wills R, Jaffe M. Biomechanical Comparison of a Headless Compression Screw Fastener and AO Cortical Bone Screw for Fixation of a Simulated Equine Third Carpal Bone Slab Fracture. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whitney ME, Butler JR, Dycus DL, Teer LB, Elder SH, Priddy LB, Wills RW. Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of four Center of Rotation Angulation Based Leveling Osteotomy fixation methods. Vet Surg 2021; 51:157-162. [PMID: 34453449 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the strength of four constructs used to secure an osteotomy in a Center of Rotation Angulation (CORA)-Based Leveling Osteotomy (CBLO) in an ex vivo model. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION Thirty-two canine tibiae from 17 skeletally mature cadavers weighing between 18 and 33.2 kg. METHODS Thirty-two paired tibiae with patella and patellar tendon were collected. Each tibia was randomly allocated to a construct group: plate and pin (Plate), plate with countersink compression screw (HCS), plate with tension band (TB), or plate with HCS and TB (HCSTB). Samples were loaded by distraction until failure. The stiffness, yield load, and ultimate load were compared between each fixation method. RESULTS No difference in stiffness of the constructs was detected between groups (p = .6937). Yield load for the HCSTB group (1211.06 N) was greater than the TB group (1016.41 N), the HCS group (907.20 N), and the Plate group (787.73 N) (p = .0069). The ultimate load for the HCSTB group (1387.82 N) was greater than the TB group (1076.36 N), HCS group (926.62 N), and the Plate group (774.35 N) (p = .0004). CONCLUSIONS CBLO fixation augmented with a TB and HCS provided a stronger construct that withstood a greater yield load and ultimate load than either augmentation strategy alone. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Augmenting a CBLO fixation with a TB and a HCS can provide increased construct strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody E Whitney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - James R Butler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA.,Care Center Veterinary Specialists, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Dycus
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nexus Veterinary Specialists, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Landon B Teer
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Steve H Elder
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lauren B Priddy
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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Petrovsky B, Knuth T, Aponte-Colón C, Hoefle W, Kraus K, Naiman J, Yuan L, Mochel JP, Zellner E. Short-term outcomes of 59 dogs treated for ilial body fractures with locking or non-locking plates. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1076-1086. [PMID: 33955036 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of plating systems on the clinical outcomes in dogs treated for ilial fractures. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Fifty-nine dogs (63 hemipelves). METHODS Radiographs and medical records of dogs with ilial fractures presented to Iowa State University between 2003 and 2019 were reviewed. After fracture reduction, fractures were fixed with a locking plate system (LPS) or non-locking plate system (NLS). Perioperative, long-term complications, and follow-up data were recorded. The frequency of implant failure and pelvic collapse were compared using a logistic and linear regression analysis, respectively. Where the univariate test was statistically significant, a multivariate analysis across categories was performed to identify statistically different categories. RESULTS LPS and NLS implants were used in 25/63 and 38/63 hemipelves, respectively. Median follow-up time was 8 weeks (3-624 weeks). Implant failure occurred in 18/63 (29%) of fracture repairs, consisting of 17 with NLS and 1 with LPS. Revision surgery was recommended in five cases of implant failure, all with NLS. The probability of implant failure was higher when fractures were fixed with NLS (p = .0056). All other variables evaluated did not seem to influence outcome measures. CONCLUSION The variable with the most influence on the outcomes of dogs treated for ilial fractures consisted of the fixation method (NLS vs. LPS). Fractures repaired with NLS were nearly 20 times more likely to fail than those repaired with LPS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgeons should consider repairing ilial body fractures in dogs with LPS to reduce the risk of short-term implant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Petrovsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Taylor Knuth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Cristina Aponte-Colón
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - William Hoefle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Karl Kraus
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jaron Naiman
- Surgery Department, VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Smart Pharmacology Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Smart Pharmacology Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Eric Zellner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Minto B, Magalhães T, Lucena D, Soriano I, Barranco G, Dias L, Werther K. Humeral fracture repair using a robust fixation in an adult Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The treatment of fractures from the thoracic limb in giant anteaters is extremely challenging. Unfamiliar and peculiar anatomical characteristics, robust musculature and the imminent need for an early return to limb function highlight such challenges. The objective of this report was to describe the successful use of anatomical osteosynthesis with a robust locking compression plate in a humeral fracture of an adult giant anteater. The patient was rescued on the highway after being run over and presented for treatment at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Surgical stabilization was performed using a craniomedial approach to the humerus, using a customized broad 3.5mm locking compression plate. The patient presented early limb support at 24 hours postoperatively. Radiographic monitoring was performed at 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively, and bone healing was observed without any complications. It is concluded that the treatment of humerus fractures in giant anteaters requires robust fixation. The use of a reinforced locking compression plate system proved to be effective and adequate to the mechanical load that an adult individual of this species needs for early use of the thoracic limb and, at the same time, efficient in controlling interfragmentary movement, which allowed fracture consolidation.
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Blakely JA, Butler JR, Priddy LB, McCabe EM, Avendaño JN, Elder SH, Wills R. Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of 2.7 mm string-of-pearl plate versus screw/wire/Polymethylmethacrylate composite fixation and 2.7 mm veterinary acetabular plate for repair of simulated canine acetabular fractures. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:287. [PMID: 31399093 PMCID: PMC6688321 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetabular fractures comprise 12–30% of canine pelvic fractures and require accurate anatomic reduction and rigid stability to ensure proper healing and minimize future osteoarthritis. Many techniques have been used to repair these fractures, with common techniques including veterinary acetabular plates or use of screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate constructs. String-of-Pearl™ plating systems have also been used clinically but there is a lack of research supporting their use for these fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare fracture reduction accuracy, biomechanical characteristics, and mode of failure between String-of-Pearls™, veterinary acetabular plates, screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate constructs in a simulated, ex-vivo acetabular fracture model. We hypothesized that the String-of-Pearls™ constructs would have equivalent or greater mechanical properties and reduction compared to the other constructs. Results The mean craniocaudal acetabular diameter before fixation (mean 25.2 mm; range 20 mm – 30.1 mm) was not significantly different from after fixation (mean 23.9 mm; range 20 mm – 28.3 mm) for any fixation method. Comparison of reduction scores between groups revealed no significant differences. No significant differences were noted for cyclical displacement or stiffness. There was significant difference with superior failure load of String-of-Pearls™ compared to screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate in the 75th percentile of animal weight (P = 0.0021), and superior failure load of String-of-Pearls™ compared to veterinary acetabular plates in the 50th (P = 0.0232) and 75th percentiles (P = 0.0058). Stiffness of the String-of-Pearls™ construct was significantly greater than the veterinary acetabular plate construct (P = 0.0417). For ultimate load, String-of-Pearls™ constructs were significantly greater than screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate (P = 0.0331) and veterinary acetabular plates (P = 0.0218). Conclusion Although the ease of application for the String-of-Pearls™ implant was subjectively better than other implants, no significant differences were found in fracture reduction scores. The String-of-Pearls™ constructs were stiffer than veterinary acetabular plates and exhibited greater failure and ultimate loads compared to veterinary acetabular plates and screw/wire/polymethylmethacrylate fixations. The String-of-Pearls™ implant appears to be a suitable fixation choice for simple canine acetabular fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Blakely
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - James R Butler
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Lauren B Priddy
- Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Box 9632, 130 Creelman Street, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Emily M McCabe
- Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Box 9632, 130 Creelman Street, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Javier N Avendaño
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Steve H Elder
- Mississippi State University College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Box 9632, 130 Creelman Street, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Robert Wills
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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Field MR, Butler R, Wills RW, Maxwell WM. Retrospective evaluation of perioperative and short term clinical outcomes in appendicular long bone skeleton fractures repaired via the string of pearls (SOP) locking plate system. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:386. [PMID: 30518361 PMCID: PMC6282292 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal plate fixation and, more recently, locking plate fixation are commonly used in the repair of fractures in small animal surgery. This retrospective study reviewed the use of the String of Pearls locking plate system in the fixation/repair of appendicular long bone skeleton fractures in 31 small animal veterinary patients (33 fractures). RESULTS Major complications necessitating revision surgery occurred in 7/33 (21%), with implant failure as the inciting cause in all cases. Variables corresponding to an unsuccessful outcome were evaluated, and a correlation was found with plates placed in a bridging manner (placed without rigid anatomic reconstruction, p = 0.02) and length of follow-up (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The SOP plating system can be used in the repair of appendicular longbone skeletal fractures, however, the authors propose that adjunct fixation, such as intramedullary pin, double plating, or external coaptation would likely improve results and should be considered imperative in cases in which anatomic reconstruction is either not desirable or achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Field
- Arkansas Veterinary Emergency & Specialists, 11619 Pleasant Ridge Road, Little Rock, AR 72212 USA
| | - Ryan Butler
- Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Starkville, MS 39762 USA
| | - Robert W. Wills
- Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Starkville, MS 39762 USA
| | - Wilburn M. Maxwell
- Memphis Veterinary Specialists, 555 Trinity Creek Cove, Cordova, TN 38018 USA
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