The functional and molecular studies on involvement of hydrogen sulphide in myometrial activity of non-pregnant buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Light-controlled calcium signalling in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background

Identifying ways to reduce the burden of prostate cancer (Pca) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a top research priority. It is a typical entanglement seen in men which is portrayed by trouble in micturition. It stands as a significant problem in our society. Different molecular biomarker has high potential to treat Pca or BPH but also causes serious side effects during treatment.

Main text

The role of calcium signalling in the alteration of different biomarkers of Pca or BPH is important. Therefore, the photoswitch drugs may hold the potential to rebalance the altered calcium signaling cascade and the biomarker levels. Thereby play a significant role in the management of Pca and BPH. Online literature searches such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were carried out. The search terms used for this review were photo-pharmacology, photo-switch drug, photodynamic therapy, calcium signalling, etc. Present treatment of Pca or BPH shows absence of selectivity and explicitness which may additionally result in side effects. The new condition of the calcium flagging may offer promising outcomes in restoring the present issues related with prostate malignancy and BPH treatment.

Conclusion

The light-switching calcium channel blockers aim to solve this issue by incorporating photo-switchable calcium channel blockers that may control the signalling pathway related to proliferation and metastasis in prostate cancer without any side effects.

Graphical abstract

Schematic diagram explaining the proposed role of photo-switch therapy in curbing the side effects of active drugs in Pca (prostate cancer) and BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia). a) Delivery of medication by ordinary strategies and irreversible phototherapy causes side effects during treatment. Utilization of photo-switch drug to control the dynamic and inert condition of the medication can cause the medication impacts as we required in prostate cancer and BPH. b) Support of harmony between the calcium signaling is essential to guarantee ordinary physiology. Increment or abatement in the dimensions of calcium signaling can result in changed physiology. c) Major factors involved in the pathogenesis of BPH; downregulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) can prevent BPH. Similarly, downregulation of α-1 adrenoceptor can reduce muscle contraction, while overexpression of β-3 adrenoceptor in BPH can promote further muscle relaxation in BPH treatment therapy. Inhibition of overexpressed biomarkers in BPH TRPM2-1: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1; TRPM2-2: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; Androgens; CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; TGFβ-1: transforming growth factor β-1; TXA2; thromboxane-2; NMDA: N-methyl-d-aspartate can be the potential target in BPH therapy.

Maternal disease and gasotransmitters

The three known gasotransmitters, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide are involved in key processes throughout pregnancy. Gasotransmitters are known to impact on smooth muscle tone, regulation of immune responses, and oxidative state of cells and their component molecules. Failure of the systems that tightly regulate gasotransmitter production and downstream effects are thought to contribute to common maternal diseases such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. Normal pregnancy-related changes in uterine blood flow depend heavily on gasotransmitter signaling. In preeclampsia, endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor to aberrant gasotransmitter signaling, resulting in hypertension after 20 weeks gestation. Maintenance of pregnancy to term also requires gasotransmitter-mediated uterine quiescence. As the appropriate signals for parturition occur, regulation of gasotransmitter signaling must work in concert with those endocrine signals in order for appropriate labor and delivery timing. Like preeclampsia, preterm birth may have origins in abnormal gasotransmitter signaling. We review the evidence for the involvement of gasotransmitters in preeclampsia and preterm birth, as well as mechanistic and molecular signaling targets.