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Sugarman JL, Hebert A, Browning JC, Paller AS, Stripling S, Green LJ, Cartwright M, Enloe C, Wells N, Maeda-Chubachi T. Berdazimer gel for molluscum contagiosum: An integrated analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:299-308. [PMID: 37804936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An out-of-office therapeutic agent indicated for molluscum contagiosum is needed. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of berdazimer gel, 10.3% (a topical, antiviral, nitric oxide-releasing medication) versus vehicle. METHODS Berdazimer gel, 10.3% or vehicle was applied once daily to all molluscum contagiosum lesions for 12 weeks in patients ≥6 months with 3-70 mollusca. Efficacy assessment: complete lesion clearance and partial clearance at week 12. Safety and tolerability assessment: adverse events through week 24 and local skin reactions through week 12. RESULTS There were 1598 patients enrolled (n = 917 berdazimer, n = 681 vehicle). Berdazimer was superior to vehicle at week 12 in complete clearance rates, 30.0% versus 19.8% (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.38-2.23, P < .001). Subgroup analyses of primary efficacy showed consistent favorable efficacy for berdazimer across most subgroups, including age, sex, baseline lesion count, and disease duration. Berdazimer provided favorable outcome for partial clearance. Application-site pain (18.7% vs 4.8% in berdazimer vs vehicle) and erythema (11.7% vs 1.3%), mostly mild to moderate, were the most common local skin reactions. LIMITATIONS Berdazimer sodium in molluscum patients with lesions (B-SIMPLE) trials enrolled only US patients; no efficacy assessments beyond week 12. CONCLUSIONS Berdazimer gel, 10.3% showed favorable efficacy and safety across subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Sugarman
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adelaide Hebert
- Department of Dermatology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen Stripling
- Pediatric Department, Coastal Pediatric Research, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lawrence J Green
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Nick Wells
- Syneos Health, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Muangsanit P, Chailangkarn T, Tanwattana N, Wongwanakul R, Lekcharoensuk P, Kaewborisuth C. Hydrogel-based 3D human iPSC-derived neuronal culture for the study of rabies virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1215205. [PMID: 37692167 PMCID: PMC10485840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1215205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a highly fatal infectious disease that poses a significant threat to human health in developing countries. In vitro study-based understanding of pathogenesis and tropism of different strains of rabies virus (RABV) in the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to the lack of suitable culture models that recapitulate the complex communication pathways among host cells, extracellular matrices, and viruses. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture that mimics cell-matrix interactions, resembling in vivo microenvironment, is necessary to discover relevant underlying mechanisms of RABV infection and host responses. Methods The 3D collagen-Matrigel hydrogel encapsulating hiPSC-derived neurons for RABV infection was developed and characterized based on cell viability, morphology, and gene expression analysis of neuronal markers. The replication kinetics of two different strains of RABV [wild-type Thai (TH) and Challenge Virus Standard (CVS)-11 strains] in both 2D and 3D neuronal cultures were examined. Differential gene expression analysis (DEG) of the neuropathological pathway of RABV-infected 2D and 3D models was also investigated via NanoString analysis. Results The 3D hiPSC-derived neurons revealed a more physiologically interconnected neuronal network as well as more robust and prolonged maturation and differentiation than the conventional 2D monolayer model. TH and CVS-11 exhibited distinct growth kinetics in 3D neuronal model. Additionally, gene expression analysis of the neuropathological pathway observed during RABV infection demonstrated a vast number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 3D model. Unlike 2D neuronal model, 3D model displayed more pronounced cellular responses upon infection with CVS-11 when compared to the TH-infected group, highlighting the influence of the cell environment on RABV-host interactions. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of DEGs in the infected 3D neuronal culture showed alterations of genes associated with the inflammatory response, apoptotic signaling pathway, glutamatergic synapse, and trans-synaptic signaling which did not significantly change in 2D culture. Conclusion We demonstrated the use of a hydrogel-based 3D hiPSC-derived neuronal model, a highly promising technology, to study RABV infection in a more physiological environment, which will broaden our understanding of RABV-host interactions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papon Muangsanit
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Nathiphat Tanwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratjika Wongwanakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pan H, Huan C, Zhang W, Hou Y, Zhou Z, Yao J, Gao S. PDZK1 upregulates nitric oxide production through the PI3K/ERK2 pathway to inhibit porcine circovirus type 2 replication. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109514. [PMID: 35917623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Changes in host cell gene expression are induced by PCV2 infection. Here, we showed that porcine PDZ Domain-Containing 1 (PDZK1) expression was enhanced during PCV2 infection and that overexpression of PDZK1 inhibited the expression of PCV2 Cap protein. PCV2 genomic DNA copy number and viral titers were decreased in PDZK1-overexpressing PK-15B6 cells. PDZK1 knockdown enhanced the replication of PCV2. Overexpression of PDZK1 activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ERK2 signaling pathway to enhance nitric oxide (NO) levels, while PDZK1 knockdown had the opposite effects. A PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and a NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME hydrochloride) decreased the activity of PDZK1 in restricting PCV2 replication. ERK2 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of PCV2 by decreasing levels of NO. Levels of interleukin (IL)- 4 mRNA were reduced in PDZK1 knockdown and ERK2 knockdown PK-15B6 cells. Increased IL-4 mRNA levels were unable to decrease NO production in PDZK1-overexpressing cells. Thus, we conclude that PDZK1 affected PCV2 replication by regulating NO production via PI3K/ERK2 signaling. PDZK1 affected IL-4 expression through the PI3K/ERK2 pathway, but PDZK1 modulation of PCV2 replication occurred independently of IL-4. Our results contribute to understanding the biological functions of PDZK1 and provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenic mechanisms of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochun Pan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Yao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, China.
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Feng H, Fu J, Zhang B, Xue T, Liu C. A Novel Virus-Like Agent Originated From Genome Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Enhances PCV2 Replication and Regulates Intracellular Redox Status In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855920. [PMID: 35493731 PMCID: PMC9043654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome rearrangement occurs to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) during in vitro and in vivo infections, and a number of rearranged PCV2 genomes have been isolated and characterized. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the rearranged PCV2 (rPCV2) in PCV2 replication and the biological effect of rPCV2 in host cells. Two whole rPCV2 genome sequences (358 nt and 1125 nt in length) were synthesized and recombinant plasmids pBSK(+)-rPCV2 (pBSK(+)-1125 and pBSK(+)-358) were constructed. A novel virus-like agent (rPCV2-1125) was rescued by in vitro transfection of porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) and porcine alveolar macrophage 3D4/21 cells. The data indicate that rPCV2-1125 significantly enhanced PCV2 replication in vitro. Furthermore, rPCV2-1125 led to oxidative stress in host cells, as indicated by decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results provide new insights into genome rearrangement of PCV2 and will contribute to future studies of PCV2 replication and associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Fu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
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Fusion Expression and Immune Effect of PCV2 Cap Protein Tandem Multiantigen Epitopes with CD154/GM-CSF. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100211. [PMID: 34679041 PMCID: PMC8537787 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) is a contagious disease of swine caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The capsid protein (Cap) is the sole structural protein and the main antigen of PCV2. Cap is the principal immunogenic protein and induces humoral and cellular immunity. CD154 and GM-CSF are immune adjuvants that enhance responses to vaccines. However, whether these two cellular molecules could produce an enhanced effect in PCV2 vaccines still needs to be further studied. The results of PCR and restriction enzyme showed that the recombinant lentiviral plasmids pCDH-TB-Cap, pCDH-TB-Cap-CD154 and pCDH-TB-Cap were successfully constructed. Western blot and IFA showed that the three fusion proteins TB-Cap, TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF were stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Indirect ELISA assay showed that mice immunized with TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF fusion proteins produced higher PCV2-specific antibodies than mice immunized with the TB-Cap and a commercial vaccine (p < 0.0001). Moreover, lymphocyte proliferation and flow cytometry showed that the cellular immune response of each immune group was significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001). After PCV2 challenge, the results revealed that the viral loads in serum, lung and kidney of all vaccinated groups were significantly lower than the PBS group (p < 0.0001). The transcription levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines in the TB-Cap, TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF groups were significantly higher than those in the PBS and recombinant vaccine groups (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that CD154 and GM-CSF could enhance the ability of TB-Cap protein to induce the body to produce PCV2 specific antibodies and increase the transcription level of cytokines. Thus, CD154 and GM-CSF molecules were a powerful immunoadjuvant for PCV2 subunit vaccines. The novel TB-Cap-CD154 and TB-Cap-GM-CSF subunit vaccine has the potential to be used for the prevention and control of PCVAD.
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