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Mohammadinasr M, Montazersaheb S, Ayromlou H, Hosseini V, Molavi O, Hejazi MS. Exosome Content-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-023-03862-2. [PMID: 38191693 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a complex lipid-bilayer surface and 30-150 nm diameter. These vesicles play a critical role in intercellular signaling networks during physiopathological processes through data trafficking and cell reprogramming. It has been demonstrated that exosomes are involved in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Exosome mediators' cell-to-cell communication is possibly by delivering their contents such as proteins, RNAs (coding and non-coding), DNAs (mitochondrial and genomic), and transposable elements to the target cells. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) differ in their expression patterns in MS disease, thereby providing novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic options for better treatment of MS disease. Furthermore, these microvesicles are non-immunogenic and non-toxic therapeutic tools for transferring miRNAs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Collectively, exosomes could be used as novel drug delivery devices for the treatment of MS patients. This review summarized research regarding the exosomes from serum, plasma, PBMC, and other cells in MS patients and experimental models. We also provide a critical view of exosome content-mediated signaling pathways in MS, including TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-κB, and Wnt pathways. The use of exosomes as a therapeutic potential in MS has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohammadinasr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Attia MM, Khalifa MM. Virulence of Babesia bigemina in infected cattle (Bos taurus): Molecular and immunological studies. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:7-13. [PMID: 36731184 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined 400 tick-infested cattle from the following four governorates in Egypt: Faiyum, Beni Suef, Giza, and Minya. These cattle were examined for blood parasites between January 2021 and April 2022. The infected cattle were classified into four groups based on tick infestations and clinical signs. Blood was drawn for assessing oxidative stress markers as well as for parasitological examination and molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina). We performed a comparison of the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) between B. bigemina-infected blood samples and non-infected blood samples used as negative controls. Babesia spp. infection increases hemolysis, which in turn increases oxidative stress marker levels and cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Khalifa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt.
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Prostaglandin E 2-Induced Immune Suppression via Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in Paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0021022. [PMID: 36102658 PMCID: PMC9584316 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00210-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The Th1 response inhibits the proliferation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis during the early subclinical stage. However, we have previously shown that immune inhibitory molecules, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suppress M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific Th1 responses as the disease progresses. To date, the mechanism underlying immunosuppression during M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection has not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the function of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle with paratuberculosis because CTLA-4 expression is known to be elevated in T cells under an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis experimental infection. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen induced CTLA-4 expression in T cells from cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Interestingly, both PGE2 and an E prostanoid 4 agonist also induced CTLA-4 expression in T cells. In addition, a functional assay with a bovine CTLA-4-immunogobulin fusion protein (CTLA-4-Ig) indicated that CTLA-4 inhibited gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-stimulated PBMCs, while blockade by anti-bovine CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody increased the secretion of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in these PBMCs. These preliminary findings show that PGE2 has immunosuppressive effects via CTLA-4 to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify in the future whether CTLA-4-mediated immunosuppression facilitates disease progression of paratuberculosis in cattle.
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Lendez PA, Martinez-Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Cytokine TNF-α and its receptors TNFRI and TNFRII play a key role in the in vitro proliferative response of BLV infected animals. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:431-439. [PMID: 34453235 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) main host cells are B lymphocytes. Infected animals can be classified into high or low proviral load (HPL or LPL respectively), regarding the number of proviral copies infected lymphocytes they carry. After infection, there is an overexpression of several cytokines, particularly TNF-α, which has a delicate regulation mediated by receptors TNFRI and TNFRII; the first one involved with apoptosis, while the other stimulates cell proliferation. The study aimed to quantify TNF-α and its receptors mRNA expression, and in which extent in vitro proliferation was affected, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BLV-infected animals with different proviral loads, after the addition or not of synthetic TNF-α (rTNF-α) for 48 h. PBMC from BLV-infected animals showed spontaneous proliferation after 48 h in culture but did not show changes in proliferation rates after 48 h incubation in the presence of the rTNF-α. TNF-α mRNA expression after 48 h culture without exogenous stimulation was significantly lower, regardless of the proviral load of the donor, compared to non-infected animals. In the LPL animals, the expression of TNF-α mRNA was significantly lower with respect to the control group while the expression of TNFRI mRNA was significantly increased. The HPL animals showed a significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α and TNFRII mRNA respect to the control group. After 48 h incubation with rTNF-α, PBMC from infected animals had different responses: TNF-α and TNFRI mRNA expression was reduced in PBMC from the LPL group compared to the BLV negative group, but no differences were observed in PBMC from the HPL group. TNFRII mRNA expression showed no differences between HPL, LPL, and BLV negative groups, though HPL animals expressed 10.35 times more TNFRI mRNA than LPL. These results support the hypothesis that LPL animals, when faced with viral reactivation, present a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative state. However, complementary studies are needed to explain the influence of TNFRII on the development of the HLP profile. On the other hand, exogenous stimulation studies reinforce the hypothesis that BLV infection compromises the immune response of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martinez-Cuesta
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Nieto Farias
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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Cheng J, Zhang J, Han B, Barkema HW, Cobo ER, Kastelic JP, Zhou M, Shi Y, Wang J, Yang R, Gao J. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine mastitis is cytopathogenic for bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3493-3504. [PMID: 32037181 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae, a common cause of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows, can cause severe clinical symptoms. However, its pathogenicity in the bovine mammary gland is not well understood. Our objectives were to establish an in vitro infection model of K. pneumoniae on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) to assess (1) cytopathogenicity (adhesive and invasive ability, damage and apoptosis, pro-inflammatory effects) of K. pneumoniae on bMEC and (2) the role of hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype on cytopathogenicity. Two K. pneumoniae isolates from CM cows, 1 HMV and 1 non-HMV, were used to infect bMEC. Adhesion and invasion ability, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultrastructural morphology, apoptosis, transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were characterized at various intervals. Both K. pneumoniae isolates rapidly adhered to and invaded bMEC within 1 h post infection (pi), causing ultrastructural damage (swelling of mitochondria and vesicle formation on cell surface) after 3 h pi and apoptotic death after 9 h pi. In addition, K. pneumoniae promoted transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and production of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokines. Compared with non-HMV K. pneumoniae, the HMV isolate had lower adhesive and invasive abilities but caused more serious cellular damage. In conclusion, K. pneumoniae was cytopathogenic on bMEC and induced a pro-inflammatory response; however, the HMV phenotype did not have a key role in pathogenicity. Therefore, more attention should be paid to milk loss, and targeted prevention and treatment strategies should be implemented in Klebsiella mastitis episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cheng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jv Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 056038, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.
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