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Kabir A, Kamboh AA, Abubakar M, Baloch H, Nizamani ZA. Foot-and-mouth disease virus dynamics in border areas of Pakistan with Afghanistan. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:370. [PMID: 38411732 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that impacts cloven-hoofed animals globally. The illegal trade of livestock between the border regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan can contribute to the spread of this disease. This study focuses on investigating the outbreaks of FMD that occurred in this area from June 2020 to May 2021. METHODS RESULTS: A total of 233 epithelial tissue samples were collected, and 77% were found positive for FMDV through an antigen-detection by ELISA and molecular conformation through RT-PCR. The study found three serotypes of FMDV dominating in the border area of Pakistan with Afghanistan: O, A, and Asia-1. The outbreak activity was peaked between August/September followed by July/October 2020. Phylogenetic analysis conducted using the VP1 region sequence showed that serotype O isolates belonged to the Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype, PanAsia-2 lineage, and ANT-10 sub-lineage, while serotype Asia-1 isolates belonged to a novel lineage BD-18.The highest prevalence of serotype O of FMDV was found in cattle and buffalo of 1-2 year age group, while the highest outbreak ratio of serotype O was recorded in goats of 0-1 year age group and sheep of > 2 year age group. The serotype O was more prevalent in male than female sheep. The type A was more prevalent in females of sheep and goats than their corresponding males. The serotype Asia-1 was more prevalent in females of cattle and sheep than their corresponding males. The outbreak epidemiology of FMD varied significantly between various regions, months of study, animal species, age groups, and gender. CONCLUSIONS The study found that FMD outbreaks in the border area of Pakistan and Afghanistan were diverse and complicated, and that different types of FMDV were circulating. The study recommended effective actions to stop FMD transmission in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kabir
- Department, of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department, of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hasina Baloch
- Department, of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
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Ren X, Li P, Li X, Qian P. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in China from 2010 to 2022. Virology 2024; 589:109940. [PMID: 37984153 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious picornavirus that can infect cloven-hoofed animals of significant agricultural importance. In China, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics occur annually, resulting in localized outbreaks or sporadic epidemics that cause significant economic losses. This study summarized 123 cases of FMD reported in China between 2010 and 2022, using data from the official website of the Chinese Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemic situation and genetic characteristics of FMDV in China were studied through phylogenetic analysis, amino acid variation analysis of antigenic epitopes, and genetic recombination analysis. The findings provide important references for predicting the FMDV epidemic situation in China, developing vaccines, and effectively preventing and controlling FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujiao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Rahman HU, Zhang Z. Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050356. [PMID: 37235439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan's northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 10370, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad 44310, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rahman
- Virology Section, Centre of Microbiology and Biotechnology (CMB), Veterinary Research Institute Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Osmani A, Habib I, Robertson ID. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAPs) of Farmers on Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan: A Descriptive Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082188. [PMID: 34438649 PMCID: PMC8388430 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot and mouth disease (FMD) affects the productivity and health of several animals species, including cattle. In Afghanistan, cattle represent a valuable source of food security and play a vital role in the rural economy. Using a questionnaire-based approach, we evaluated the self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and practices of various stakeholders involved in the cattle industry and veterinary management of animal health in a northern province of Afghanistan. The study pointed to several aspects that could be translated into practical management options to add value to FMD management in the cattle industry in Afghanistan. Abstract This study was performed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of farmers, animal traders, and veterinary professionals on FMD in Baghlan province, Afghanistan. Four structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents. Almost half (48.5%) of the farmers had heard of the occurrence of FMD in their neighbourhood or knew the name of the disease. The majority of farmers could recognise the clinical signs of FMD in their animals (salivation, 85.9%; tongue ulcers, 78.8%; gum lesions, 78.2%; hoof lesions, 76.8%). Most farmers stated that the “introduction of new animals” was the primary cause of FMD appearing on their farms and to control the spread of the disease, over half of the farmers (56%) preferred not to buy cattle from unknown or potentially infected sources. Animal traders’ knowledge was limited to recognising some clinical signs of the disease such as: salivation, and lesions in the mouth and on the feet. No animals were directly imported by the traders from outside Afghanistan. Over half of the local veterinary professionals (65%) kept record books of the animal diseases seen and/or treatment plans undertaken, and 80% of them reported the occurrence of FMD to the provincial, regional, and central veterinary authorities. No regular vaccination programme against FMD was implemented in the province. Poor import controls and quarantine were considered to be the main barriers to the control of FMD in the study area and the surrounding provinces. It can be concluded that, despite relatively good knowledge about FMD in the study area, there are gaps in farmers’ and traders’ knowledge that need to be addressed to overcome the burden of the disease in the province. These should focus on strengthening interprovincial quarantine measures and implementation of regular vaccination campaigns against the circulating FMDV within the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (I.H.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (I.H.)
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia;
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1263-1275. [PMID: 33755343 PMCID: PMC8294376 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological study of 376 cattle from 198 herds and a concurrent survey of farmers were undertaken in 53 villages in Khinjan, Doshi and Puli Khumri districts of Baghlan province, Afghanistan to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and to identify risk factors for seropositive herds. A total of 419 cases of FMD were reported by the farmers in the year preceding the survey. The animal-level population seroprevalence was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI, 37.0-47.2). The seroprevalence increased with age in the sampled cattle (<2 years - 30.4%, 2-6 years - 40.3% and >6 years - 52.2%). Herds were more likely to be seropositive if the farmers: had purchased cattle in the year prior to the survey (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.37-4.97); purchased ruminants from unknown (potentially risky) sources (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.03); and sold milk to the market (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63). Herds that had been vaccinated had a lower odds of being seropositive (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.68-0.66). This was the first epidemiological study of FMD in Baghlan province and the findings provide valuable direction for disease control on FMD in this and other provinces in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Outbreak investigation of foot and mouth disease in Nangarhar province of war-torn Afghanistan, 2014. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13800. [PMID: 32796942 PMCID: PMC7429494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Afghanistan has long history of ongoing conflicts, resulting in massive destruction of the country's infrastructure. Illegal trade of livestock between Afghanistan and Pakistan boosted the spread of Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD). Current study was conducted to investigate outbreaks of FMD occurred between April-August 2014 in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. Descriptive data about suspected FMD cases were collected from the Civil Veterinary Hospital, Nangarhar to analyze spatio-temporal pattern of FMD. Case farms (n = 137) were selected from list of clinically confirmed FMD outbreaks available in the hospital. Control farms (n = 137) were enrolled from neighboring premises of case farms. The epidemic curve showed that the virus is continuously circulating among susceptible population. The mean age of the oldest lesion was 2.8 days. Foot & Mouth Disease was more likely to occur in female animals compared to male animals (p < 0.001). Farmers having no ability to clinically recognize FMD (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.4-23.8); previously having any FMD case in herd (OR 11.8, 95% CI 3.0-45.8), farms where animals leave shed during day (OR 15.4, 95% CI 5.6-42.0), and farms, where neighboring farmers used to visit the premises (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2-9.9) were identified as risk factors. Current findings may be used to create awareness of concerned veterinary health authorities about FMD control.
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Shin SH, Jo H, Ko MK, Choi JH, You SH, Jo HE, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Kim B, Park JH. Antigenic properties of a novel vaccine strain for type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2020; 248:108802. [PMID: 32827925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Newly developed vaccine strains to prevent foot-and-mouth disease caused by the emerging serotype Asia1 virus were evaluated. To protect against the group (G)-VIII strain, which occurred recently, we produced an infectious cDNA clone of Asia1 Shamir cDNA (Asia1 Shamir-R). In addition, by adding a site 1 epitope of VP1 of the G-VIII lineage virus to this virus, we produced a new virus (Sham GVIII- EPI), and another virus(Sham GVIII-VP1) was replaced with that of G-VIII lineage in the VP1 region of Shamir. Test vaccines were produced using these three types of vaccine virus, and their immunogenicity and protection capabilities were evaluated in mice. Immunized mice were challenged with the Asia1 Shamir or G-VIII virus, and the results show that all the vaccines have similar protective effects. As they showed similar antigenicity, we chose the Shamir-R vaccine. Pigs maintained relatively high neutralizing antibody levels against homologous viruses of the Shamir and G-VII or G-VIII lineage three to four weeks after immunization. However, they formed relatively low levels of antibodies to G-IV and G-V viruses. In conclusion, we produced a vaccine candidate capable of protection against the G-VIII virus in the vaccine experiment for the type Asia1 serotype vaccine. This Shamir-R vaccine virus was found to protect against the viruses of the Asia1 genotype G-VII and G-VIII lineages, which occurred recently in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Choi
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I, Aslami AA. History and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Afghanistan: a retrospective study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:340. [PMID: 31615533 PMCID: PMC6794820 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Afghanistan with serotypes O, A and Asia 1 being prevalent. A retrospective study of data collected through passive surveillance of outbreaks of FMD in Afghanistan from 1995 to 2016 was undertaken to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of FMD in the country. RESULTS A total of 4171 outbreaks were reported between 1995 and 2008 with a strong correlation between the number of outbreaks and the number of provinces (r = 0.85, s = 68.2, p < 0.001); and between the number of outbreaks and the number of districts containing infected animals (r = 0.68, s = 147.8, p = 0.008). Of 7558 samples collected from livestock originating from 34 provinces in 2009, 2011 and 2013-2015, 54.1% were test positive (FMDV 3ABC-trapping ELISA) and the prevalence varied significantly between years (χ2 = 263.98, df = 4, P < 0.001). Clinically suspected cases were reported in 2016 with a substantial positive correlation (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) between the number of districts with cases and the number of reported cases. Serotype O was the predominant serotype detected during the study period, although serotypes A and Asia1 were also detected. Cattle were involved in all outbreaks in the study period and infections were detected in all years of the study in Hirat province in the north-west (bordering Iran), Nangarhar province in the east (bordering Pakistan) and Kabul province in the centre of the country. CONCLUSIONS The current paper was the first analysis of existing data focusing on the spatiotemporal distribution of FMD in Afghanistan. The findings from this study provide valuable direction for further research to understand the epidemiology of FMD and its control in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
- China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ahmad Arash Aslami
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Darulaman, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Project of Controlling Transboundary Animal Diseases, UN-FAO, Darulaman, Kabul, Afghanistan
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