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Wang B, Xu J, Zhang H, Lian S, Duan Y, Zhang H, Hou W, Yin B, Zhu Y. Establishment of ELISA method for canine adenovirus type 1. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1440124. [PMID: 39257637 PMCID: PMC11385865 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1440124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine adenovirus (CAdV) had a high prevalence in fox populations and induced fox encephalitis. No ELISA kits specifically for CAdV-1 antigen had been commercialized for foxes in China. It is crucial to develop a rapid and accurate ELISA method for detecting of CAdV-1. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, IgG1A) and HRP-labeled polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were used to establish the ELISA method in this experiment. The results showed that the optimal concentration and coating time for the mAbs (IgG1A) were 2.15 μg/mL and overnight at 4°C, respectively. The dilution ratio of the HRP-labeled pAbs was 1:2000. Five percent skimmed milk was selected as the blocking agent. The optimal incubation times for blocking, CAdV-1, and HRP-labeled pAbs were all 1 h. The cut-off value for negative rectal swab was determined to be 0.366 ± 0.032. The maximum dilution ratio was 100 TCID50/mL. The ELISA method was positive to CAdV-1, and that was negative to CAdV-2, Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distempervirus (CDV). The ELISA method showed good repeatability, sensitivity, and specificity. Compared with RT-PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, and coincidence rates of the ELISA method were 93.75, 90.9, and 92.86%, respectively. These results indicate that the established ELISA method can be used for the large-scale screening and epidemiology surveillance of CAdV-1 in foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yichang Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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2
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Hou J, Xu J, Wang B, Zhang H, Yin B, Li G, Lei F, Cai X, Zhu Y, Wang L. First identification of canine adenovirus 1 in mink and bioinformatics analysis of its 100 K protein. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1245581. [PMID: 37664114 PMCID: PMC10469754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1245581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Animal trade favors the spreading of emerging canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV-1) in mink. Because the 100K protein is not exposed to the viral surface at any stage, it can be used to differentiate the vaccine from wild virus infection. However, no related research has been conducted. This study aimed to find evidence of CAdV-1 in mink and predict the character of the 100K protein in the current circulating CAdV-1 strain of mink. Method In this experiment, the identification of CAdV-1, the phylogenetic tree, homology, and bioinformatics analysis of 100K were conducted. Results The results showed that the CAdV-1 was identified in the mink and that its Fiber was located in a separate branch. It was closely related to strains isolated from Norwegian Arctic fox and Red fox. 100K was located in a separate branch, which had the closest genetic relationship with skunks, porcupines, raccoons, and hedgehogs and a far genetic relationship with the strains in dogs. 100K protein is an unstable and hydrophobic protein. It had evidence of selective pressure and recombination, 1 glycosylation site, 48 phosphorylation sites, 60 dominant B cell epitopes, and 9 peptides of MHC-I and MHC-II. Its subcellular localization was mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The binding sites of 100K proteins were DBP proteins and 33K proteins. Discussion The stains in the mink were different from fox. The exploration of its genomic characteristics will provide us with a deeper understanding of the prevention of canine adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Goujiang Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Fashou Lei
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station in Huzhu County of Qinghai Province, Haidong, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station in Huzhu County of Qinghai Province, Haidong, China
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Longtao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Mira F, Puleio R, Schirò G, Condorelli L, Di Bella S, Chiaramonte G, Purpari G, Cannella V, Balboni A, Randazzo V, Antoci F, Vicari D, Guercio A. Study on the Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAdV-1) Infection in Domestic Dogs in Southern Italy. Pathogens 2022; 11:1254. [PMID: 36365005 PMCID: PMC9693395 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) is the causative agent of a systemic and potentially fatal viral disease of domestic and wild canids. In Italy, CAdV-1 infection has also been occasionally described in dogs, but information on the epidemiology and its genomic features is still limited. A study was conducted on 291 dogs suspected of infectious gastrointestinal disease. Samples collected from dogs in southern Italy between 2017 and 2020 were analyzed. Virological and histopathological assays were carried out. The presence of CAdVs and other canine viral enteropathogens was investigated, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed. CAdV-1 was detected in six (2.1%) dead stray dogs alone or in mixed infections with other viruses. Gross lesions and histopathological findings referred to CAdV infection were observed, also involving the central nervous system tissues. All inoculated samples were successfully isolated. Sequence analysis evidenced divergences with the circulating strains previously described in Italy and a closer relation with older CAdV-1 strains collected from other countries, suggesting a genetic heterogeneity of CAdV-1 in Italy. The evidence of the circulation of CAdV-1 and its genomic features allows us to have more in-depth knowledge of the epidemiology and evolution of the CAdV-1 genomic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Condorelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Chiaramonte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Randazzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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4
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Genetic Characteristics of Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Detected in Wild Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Korea (2017–2020). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110591. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus has been detected in a wide range of hosts like dogs, foxes, horses, bats, avian animals, and raccoon dogs. Canine adenoviruses with two serotypes host mammals and are members of the mastadenovirus family. Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2) cause infectious canine hepatitis and infectious bronchial disease, respectively. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of CAdV-1 and 2 in wild Nyctereutes procyonoides in Korea in 2017–2020 from 414 tissue samples, including the liver, kidney, lung, and intestine, collected from 105 raccoon dog carcasses. Only CAdV-2 was detected in two raccoon dogs, whereas CAdV-1 was not detected. Tissue samples from raccoon dogs were screened for CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 using conventional PCR. Adenovirus was successfully isolated from PCR positive samples using the Vero cell line, and the full-length gene sequence of the isolated viruses was obtained through 5’ and 3’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The major genes of the isolated CAdV-2/18Ra54 and CAdV-2/18Ra-65 strains showed the closest relationship with that of the CAdV-2 Toronto A26/61 strain isolated from Canada in 1976. There is no large mutation between CAdV-2, which is prevalent worldwide, and CAdV-2, which is prevalent in wild animals in Korea. In addition, it is still spreading and causing infections. The Toronto A26/61 strain, which showed the most similarity to CAdV-2/18Ra-54, was likely transmitted to wild animals through vaccinated companion animals, suggesting that further research is needed on safety measures surrounding animal vaccination. This study provides information on the genetic characteristics and prevalence of canine adenovirus in domestic wild animals and provides a better understanding of canine adenovirus.
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Ellis J, Marziani E, Aziz C, Brown CM, Cohn LA, Lea C, Moore GE, Taneja N. 2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:213-230. [PMID: 36049241 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-canine-vaccination-guidelines] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are an update and extension of previous AAHA peer-reviewed canine vaccination guidelines published in 2017. Vaccination is a cornerstone of canine preventive healthcare and one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining a dog's health, longevity, and quality of life. Canine vaccination also serves a public health function by forming a barrier against several zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans. Canine vaccines are broadly categorized as containing core and noncore immunizing antigens, with administration recommendations based on assessment of individual patient risk factors. The guidelines include a comprehensive table listing canine core and noncore vaccines and a recommended vaccination and revaccination schedule for each vaccine. The guidelines explain the relevance of different vaccine formulations, including those containing modified-live virus, inactivated, and recombinant immunizing agents. Factors that potentially affect vaccine efficacy are addressed, including the patient's prevaccination immune status and vaccine duration of immunity. Because animal shelters are one of the most challenging environments for prevention and control of infectious diseases, the guidelines also provide recommendations for vaccination of dogs presented at or housed in animal shelters, including the appropriate response to an infectious disease outbreak in the shelter setting. The guidelines explain how practitioners can interpret a patient's serological status, including maternally derived antibody titers, as indicators of immune status and suitability for vaccination. Other topics covered include factors associated with postvaccination adverse events, vaccine storage and handling to preserve product efficacy, interpreting product labeling to ensure proper vaccine use, and using client education and healthcare team training to raise awareness of the importance of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (J.E.)
| | | | - Chumkee Aziz
- Association of Shelter Veterinarians, Houston, Texas (C.A.)
| | - Catherine M Brown
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (C.M.B.)
| | - Leah A Cohn
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (L.A.C.)
| | | | - George E Moore
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana (G.E.M.)
| | - Neha Taneja
- A Paw Partnership, Veterinary Well-being Advocate, Centreville, Virginia (N.T.)
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Vasinioti V, Desario C, Martino C, Colaianni ML, Pellegrini F, Camarda A, Berjaoui S, Sgroi G, Elia G, Pratelli A, Buono F, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Canine Adenoviruses, Circoviruses, and Novel Cycloviruses From Wild Carnivores in Italy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:851987. [PMID: 35433913 PMCID: PMC9010027 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.851987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild carnivores are known to play a role in the epidemiology of several canine viruses, including canine adenoviruses types 1 (CAdV-1) and 2 (CAdV-2), canine circovirus (CanineCV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). In the present study, we report an epidemiological survey for these viruses in free ranging carnivores from Italy. A total of 262 wild carnivores, including red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) were sampled. Viral nucleic acid was extracted and screened by real-time PCR assays (qPCR) for the presence of CAdVs and CanineCV DNA, as well as for CDV RNA. CAdV-1 DNA was detected only in red foxes (4/232, 1.7%) whilst the wolves (0/8, 0%) and Eurasian badgers (0/22, 0%) tested negative. CanineCV DNA was detected in 4 (18%) Eurasian badgers, 4 (50%) wolves and 0 (0%) red foxes. None of the animals tested positive for CDV or CAdV-2. By sequence and phylogenetic analyses, CAdV-1 and CanineCV sequences from wild carnivores were closely related to reference sequences from domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Surprisingly, two sequences from wolf intestines were identified as cycloviruses with one sequence (145.20-5432) displaying 68.6% nucleotide identity to a cyclovirus detected in a domestic cat, while the other (145.201329) was more closely related (79.4% nucleotide identity) to a cyclovirus sequence from bats. A continuous surveillance in wild carnivores should be carried out in order to monitor the circulation in wildlife of viruses pathogenic for domestic carnivores and endangered wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Camillo Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Camarda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Decaro
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Zhu Y, Xu J, Lian S, Zhang R, Hou J, Wang M, Yan X. Difference Analysis Between Canine Adenovirus Types 1 And 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854876. [PMID: 35360116 PMCID: PMC8963759 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine adenoviruses (CAdVs) include type 1 (CAdV-1, virulent strain) and type 2 (CAdV-2, attenuated strain). In recent years, the incidences of CAdV infections are increasing. However, they are difficult to distinguish when the symptoms are untypical. It is pivotal to find the differences between the two virus types for scientific, epidemiological, and specific treatment. CAdV-1 (virulent strain) and CAdV-2 (attenuated strain) induced canine hepatitis (ICH) and tracheobronchitis (ITB), respectively, but the clinical symptom is not obvious. CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 have the same genome structure, diameter, morphological features, and cytopathic features, but the same character hinder the diagnose time of the serotypes. CAdV-1 and CAdV-2 have a difference in the genome sequence, coding proteins, viral activity, hemagglutination patterns. After infection, pathogenicity and transmission route are different between the two serotypes. Sequence alignment, PCR, Real time-PCR assay are useful methods to distinguish the two serotypes. The attenuated live CAdV-2 vaccine is currently used to protect against CAdV-1, but it also has a risk. The further research should focus on the pathogenicity mechanism and the useful vaccine for the two serotypes of canine adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yanzhu Zhu,
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Hou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Minchun Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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