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Goodwin W, Monteiro BP, Grimm K, Steagall PV. Letter to Editor in response to "Acute kidney injury in 18 cats after subcutaneous meloxicam and an update on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage in feline patients in Australia". Aust Vet J 2023; 101:411-412. [PMID: 37587769 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Goodwin
- Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Chapter of Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists
| | - B P Monteiro
- World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Pain Council
| | - K Grimm
- American College Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia
| | - P V Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Marangoni S, Beatty J, Steagall PV. An ethogram of acute pain behaviors in cats based on expert consensus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292224. [PMID: 37768967 PMCID: PMC10538801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of behaviors reflecting acute pain in cats is a priority for feline welfare. The aim of this study was to create and validate a comprehensive ethogram of acute pain behaviors in cats that can discriminate painful versus non-painful individuals. An inventory of behaviors (ethogram) with their respective descriptors was created based on a literature review of PubMed, Web of Science and CAB Abstracts databases. The ethogram was divided into ten behavior categories that could be evaluated by duration and/or frequency: position in the cage, exploratory behaviors, activity, posture and body position, affective-emotional states, vocalization, playing (with an object), feeding, post-feeding and facial expressions/features. Thirty-six behaviors were analyzed independently by four veterinarians with postgraduate qualifications in feline medicine and/or behavior as (1) not relevant, (2) somewhat relevant, (3) quite relevant or (4) highly relevant and used for content (I-CVI) and face validity. Items with I-CVI scores > 0.67 were included. Twenty-four behaviors were included in the final ethogram. Thirteen items presented full agreement (i.e., I-CVI = 1): positioned in the back of the cage, no attention to surroundings, feigned sleep, grooming, attention to wound, crouched/hunched, abnormal gait, depressed, difficulty grasping food, head shaking, eye squinting, blepharospasm and lowered head position. Seven descriptors were reworded according to expert suggestions. The final ethogram provides a detailed description of acute pain behaviors in cats after content and face validity and can be applied to the characterization of different acute painful conditions in hospitalized cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Marangoni
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Julia Beatty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paulo V. Steagall
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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O’Neill DG, Blenkarn A, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Freeman A. Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231158154. [PMID: 36912667 PMCID: PMC10812011 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231158154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can have major welfare implications in cats. This study aimed to report the frequency and demographic risk factors of periodontal disease and to explore associations with common comorbid disorders in cats in the UK. METHODS The study included a random sample of 18,249 cats obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 from clinics participating in the VetCompass programme. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported. Risk factor and comorbid disorder analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. RESULTS Periodontal disease had a 1-year period prevalence of 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76). Breeds with the highest prevalence included Siamese (18.7%, 95% CI 12.24-26.72) and Maine Coon (16.7%, 95% CI 11.37-23.18). The median age of cats with periodontal disease (9.47 years, interquartile range [IQR] 5.96-12.97) was higher than for cats without periodontal disease (4.94 years, IQR 1.95-9.51; P <0.001). Increasing adult body weight, increasing age and sex-neuter status were significantly associated with rising odds of periodontal disease. Cats with periodontal disease had a higher median count of comorbid disorders per individual cat (3, IQR 2-4, range 1-14) than cats without periodontal disease (1, IQR 0-2, range 0-15; P <0.001). Cats with periodontal disease had 1.79 times the odds (95% CI 1.62-1.99, P <0.001) of diagnosis with at least one comorbid disorder disease than cats without periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Periodontal disease is the most common specific diagnosis in cats and is confirmed as a leading health issue in cats. Ageing is identified as the strongest predictor of periodontal disease risk in cats, suggesting the potential for increasing health gains from emphasis on dental care and health in cats as they age. The study offers evidence on a close link between periodontal disease and reduced overall health in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alyx Blenkarn
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alix Freeman
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Eastcott Referrals, Swindon, UK
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Monteiro BP, Lascelles BDX, Murrell J, Robertson S, Steagall PVM, Wright B. 2022
WSAVA
guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Monteiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. D. X. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Surgery Section North Carolina State University 4700 Hillsborough Street Raleigh NC USA
| | - J. Murrell
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals 615 Wells Rd, Whitchurch Bristol BS149BE UK
| | - S. Robertson
- Senior Medical Director Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice 17804 N US Highway 41 Lutz FL 33549 USA
| | - P. V. M. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Université de Montréal 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - B. Wright
- Mistral Vet 4450 Thompson Pkwy Fort Collins CO 80534 USA
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Steagall PV, Robertson S, Simon B, Warne LN, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Taylor S. 2022 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Acute Pain in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:4-30. [PMID: 34937455 PMCID: PMC10845386 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211066268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Increases in cat ownership worldwide mean more cats are requiring veterinary care. Illness, trauma and surgery can result in acute pain, and effective management of pain is required for optimal feline welfare (ie, physical health and mental wellbeing). Validated pain assessment tools are available and pain management plans for the individual patient should incorporate pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy. Preventive and multimodal analgesia, including local anaesthesia, are important principles of pain management, and the choice of analgesic drugs should take into account the type, severity and duration of pain, presence of comorbidities and avoidance of adverse effects. Nursing care, environmental modifications and cat friendly handling are likewise pivotal to the pain management plan, as is a team approach, involving the cat carer. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Pain has traditionally been under-recognised in cats. Pain assessment tools are not widely implemented, and signs of pain in this species may be subtle. The unique challenges of feline metabolism and comorbidities may lead to undertreatment of pain and the development of peripheral and central sensitisation. Lack of availability or experience with various analgesic drugs may compromise effective pain management. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of experts and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) based on the available literature and the authors' experience. They are aimed at general practitioners to assist in the assessment, prevention and management of acute pain in feline patients, and to provide a practical guide to selection and dosing of effective analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada; and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Centre for Companion Animal Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Bradley Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Leon N Warne
- Veterinary Anaesthesia & Pain Management Australia, Perth, Western Australia; and Veterinary Cannabis Medicines Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Watanabe R, Doodnaught GM, Evangelista MC, Monteiro BP, Ruel HLM, Steagall PV. Inter-Rater Reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale in Cats Undergoing Dental Extractions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:302. [PMID: 32548134 PMCID: PMC7272704 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in cats undergoing dental extractions and the effects of the caregiver's presence on the FGS scores. Twenty-four cats (6 ± 3.3 years old; 4.9 ± 1.7 kg) undergoing oral treatment were included in a prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. They underwent treatment under general anesthesia (acepromazine-hydromorphone-propofol-isoflurane-meloxicam-local anesthetic blocks) at day 1 and were discharged at day 6. Images of cat faces were captured from video recordings with or without the caregiver's presence at 6 h postoperatively (day 1), day 6, and before and after rescue analgesia. Images were randomized and independently evaluated by four raters using the FGS [five action units (AU): ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whiskers change, and head position; score 0-2 for each]. Inter-rater reliability and the effects of the caregiver's presence were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficient [single measures (95% confidence interval)] and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively (p < 0.05). A total of 91 images were scored. Total FGS scores showed good inter-rater reliability [0.84 (0.77-0.89)]. Reliability for each AU was: ears [0.68 (0.55-0.78)], orbital tightening [0.76 (0.65-0.84)], muzzle [0.56 (0.43-0.69)], whiskers [0.64 (0.50-0.76)], and head position [0.74 (0.63-0.82)]. The FGS scores were not different with [0.075 (0-0.325)] or without [0.088 (0-0.525)] the caregivers' presence (p = 0.12). The FGS is a reliable tool for pain assessment in cats undergoing dental extractions. The caregiver's presence did not affect FGS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Graeme M Doodnaught
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Marina C Evangelista
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Beatriz P Monteiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène L M Ruel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Paulo V Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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