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Chen J, Meng W, Zeng H, Wang J, Liu S, Jiang Q, Chen Z, Ma Z, Wang Z, Li S, Jia K. Epidemiological survey of calf diarrhea related viruses in several areas of Guangdong Province. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1441419. [PMID: 39351302 PMCID: PMC11439775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine torovirus (BToV), Bovine enterovirus (BEV), Bovine norovirus (BNoV), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine rotavirus (BRV), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are significant pathogens causing diarrhea in calves, characterized by their high prevalence and challenging prevention and control measures. Methods We analyzed 295 calf diarrhea samples, amplifying the M gene from BToV-positive samples, the 5'UTR gene from BEV-positive samples, the RdRp gene from BNoV-positive samples, the VP7 gene from BRV-positive samples, the S gene from BCoV-positive samples, and the 5'UTR gene from BVDV-positive samples. Subsequent homology analysis and phylogenetic tree construction were performed. Results The overall viral positive rate in Guangdong Province was 21.36%. Specific detection rates were as follows: Foshan City at 50.00% (18/36), Guangzhou City at 43.90% (36/82), Huizhou City at 21.21% (7/33), Yangjiang City at 2.08% (1/48), Meizhou City at 1.39% (1/72), and Heyuan City at 0.00% (0/24). The detection rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV were 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, the highest overall virus detection rate was observed in the Guangzhou-Foshan region, with BRV and BEV showing the highest detection rates among the six viruses. This study marks the first report of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong Province. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BToV strain belonged to type II, sharing genetic similarities with epidemic strains from various provinces in China. The BEV strains were categorized into E and F types, with the F type being the predominant strain in Guangdong Province and exhibiting the closest genetic relationship to strains from Heilongjiang and Guangxi. The BNoV strains, along with Hebei strains, were identified as GIII.2 subgenotype. BCoV strains showed the highest genetic similarity to strains from Sichuan. All BRV strains were classified under the G6 subtype and had the closest genetic relationship with human rotavirus strains. BVDV strains were identified as subtype 1b, closely related to the Beijing strain. In conclusion, this study investigated the prevalence and evolutionary characteristics of diarrhea-associated viruses in calves in specific areas of Guangdong Province, providing a valuable reference for establishing effective prevention and control measures in cattle farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Meng W, Chen Z, Jiang Q, Chen J, Guo X, Ma Z, Jia K, Li S. A multiplex real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR assay for calf diarrhea viruses. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1327291. [PMID: 38249490 PMCID: PMC10796610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1327291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calf diarrhea is a significant condition that has a strong effect on the cattle industry, resulting in huge economic losses annually. Bovine torovirus (BToV), bovine enterovirus (BEV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine rotavirus (BRV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are key pathogens that have been implicated in calf diarrhea. Among these viruses, there remains limited research on BToV, BEV, and BNoV, with no available vaccines or drugs for their prevention and control. Although commercial vaccines exist for BCoV, BRV, and BVDV, the prevalence of these diseases remains high. Methods To address this issue, we developed a multiplex real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method for detecting BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BRV, and BVDV. This method can be used to effectively monitor the prevalence of these six viruses and serve as a reference for future prevention and control strategies. In this study, we specifically designed primers and probes for the BNoV Rdrp, BEV 5'UTR, BToV M, BCoV N, BRV NSP5, and BVDV 5'UTR genes. Results This method was determined to be efficient, stable, and sensitive. The lowest detectable levels of plasmids for BNoV, BEV, BToV, BRV, BCoV, and BVDV were 1.91 copies/μL, 96.0 copies/μL, 12.8 copies/μL, 16.4 copies/μL, 18.2 copies/μL, and 65.3 copies/μL, respectively. Moreover, the coefficients of variation for all six detection methods were < 3%; they also exhibited a strong linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.98), and an amplification efficiency of 90%-110%. A total of 295 fecal and anal swabs were collected from calves with diarrhea in Guangdong, China. The positive rates for BToV, BEV, BNoV, BCoV, BR, and BVDV were determined to be 0.34% (1/295), 6.10% (18/295), 0.68% (2/295), 1.36% (4/295), 10.85% (32/295), and 2.03% (6/295), respectively. Notably, BEV and BRV exhibited the highest prevalence. Discussion Additionally, this study identified the occurrence of BToV and BNoV in Guangdong for the first time. In summary, this study successfully established an effective method for detecting several important bovine viruses; ultimately, this holds strong implications for the future development of the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Wang D, Gao H, Zhao L, Lv C, Dou W, Zhang X, Liu Y, Kang X, Guo K. Detection of the dominant pathogens in diarrheal calves of Ningxia, China in 2021-2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155061. [PMID: 37138922 PMCID: PMC10149748 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calf diarrhea is a complex disease that has long been an unsolved problem in the cattle industry. Ningxia is at the forefront of China in the scale of cattle breeding, and calf diarrhea gravely restricts the development of Ningxia's cattle industry. Methods From July 2021 to May 2022, we collected diarrhea stool samples from calves aged 1-103 days from 23 farms in five cities in Ningxia, and performed PCR using specific primers for 15 major reported pathogens of calf diarrhea, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The effect of different seasons on the occurrence of diarrhea in calves was explored, the respective epidemic pathogens in different seasons were screened, and more detailed epidemiological investigations were carried out in Yinchuan and Wuzhong. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between different ages, river distributions and pathogen prevalence. Results Eventually, 10 pathogens were detected, of which 9 pathogens were pathogenic and 1 pathogen was non-pathogenic. The pathogens with the highest detection rate were Cryptosporidium (50.46%), Bovine rotavirus (BRV) (23.18%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) K99 (20.00%), and Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) (11.82%). The remaining pathogens such as Coccidia (6.90%), Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV) (5.46%), Bovine Torovirus (BToV) (4.09%), and Bovine Kobuvirus (BKoV) (3.18%) primarily existed in the form of mixed infection. Discussion The analysis showed that different cities in Ningxia have different pathogens responsible for diarrhea, with Cryptosporidium and BRV being the most important pathogens responsible for diarrhea in calves in all cities. Control measures against those pathogens should be enforced to effectively prevent diarrhea in calves in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haihui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Long Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changrong Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Dou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Kang
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
- Kangkang Guo
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Ujike M, Taguchi F. Recent Progress in Torovirus Molecular Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33800523 PMCID: PMC7998386 DOI: 10.3390/v13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Torovirus (ToV) has recently been classified into the new family Tobaniviridae, although it belonged to the Coronavirus (CoV) family historically. ToVs are associated with enteric diseases in animals and humans. In contrast to CoVs, which are recognised as pathogens of veterinary and medical importance, little attention has been paid to ToVs because their infections are usually asymptomatic or not severe; for a long time, only one equine ToV could be propagated in cultured cells. However, bovine ToVs, which predominantly cause diarrhoea in calves, have been detected worldwide, leading to economic losses. Porcine ToVs have also spread globally; although they have not caused serious economic losses, coinfections with other pathogens can exacerbate their symptoms. In addition, frequent inter- or intra-recombination among ToVs can increase pathogenesis or unpredicted host adaptation. These findings have highlighted the importance of ToVs as pathogens and the need for basic ToV research. Here, we review recent progress in the study of ToV molecular biology including reverse genetics, focusing on the similarities and differences between ToVs and CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
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