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Alpdogan S, Sander T, Zhang R, Khan D, Li X, Zhou H, Li K, Nickel AC, Zheng B, Skryabin A, Schieferdecker S, Hofmann BB, Donaldson DM, Cornelius JF, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Meta-review on Perforation Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice: Filament Material as a Possible Moderator of Mortality. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:16-29. [PMID: 36422813 PMCID: PMC10796476 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Robust preclinical models are inevitable for researchers to unravel pathomechanisms of subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH). For the mouse perforation model of SAH, the goal of this meta-review was the determination of variances in mortality, SAH severity grade, and vasospasm, and their experimental moderators, as many researchers are facing with incomparable results. We searched on the databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles describing in vivo experiments using the SAH perforation mouse model and measuring mortality, SAH grade, and/or vasospasm. After screening, 42 articles (total of 1964 mice) were included into systematic review and meta-analysis. Certain model characteristics were insufficiently reported, e.g., perforation location (not reported in six articles), filament (material (n = 15) and tip texture (n = 25)), mouse age (n = 14), and weight (n = 10). Used injective anesthetics and location of perforation showed large variation. In a random-effects meta-analysis, the overall animal mortality following SAH was 21.3% [95% CI: 17.5%, 25.7%] and increased with longer observational periods. Filament material significantly correlated with animal mortality (p = 0.024) after exclusion of hyperacute studies (time after SAH induction < 24 h). Reported mean SAH grade was 10.7 [9.6, 11.7] on the scale of Sugawara (J Neurosci Methods 167:327-34, 2008). Furthermore, mean diameter of large cerebral arteries after SAH was reduced by 27.6% compared to sham-operated non-SAH mice. Uniforming standards of experimental procedures and their reporting are indispensable to increase overall comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Alpdogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Timo Sander
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dilaware Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Xuanchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Huakang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Baolong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Skryabin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Schieferdecker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn B Hofmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Maximilian Donaldson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Frederick Cornelius
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Willcox ML, Tai CJ, Chattopadhyay K, Hu XY, Heinrich M. Editorial: Clinical phytopharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1353483. [PMID: 38288085 PMCID: PMC10822887 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1353483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin L. Willcox
- Primary Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chi-Jung Tai
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kaushik Chattopadhyay
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- The Nottingham Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Yang Hu
- Primary Care Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kim S, Shin Y, Choi Y, Lim KM, Jeong Y, Dayem AA, Lee Y, An J, Song K, Jang SB, Cho SG. Improved Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration Ability of 3,2'-Dihydroxyflavone-Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086964. [PMID: 37108128 PMCID: PMC10138514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids enhance the self-renewal and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and have therapeutic activities, including regenerative, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have revealed that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have therapeutic effects on tissue regeneration and inflammation. To facilitate further research on the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs derived from flavonoid-treated MSCs, we surveyed the production of EVs and their therapeutic applications in wound regeneration. MSCs treated with flavonoids enhanced EV production twofold compared with naïve MSCs. EVs produced by MSCs treated with flavonoids (Fla-EVs) displayed significant anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects in vitro. The wound-healing capacity of EVs was mediated by the upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Interestingly, the protein level of p-ERK under inhibition of MEK signals was maintained in Fla-EV-treated fibroblasts, suggesting that Fla-EVs have a higher therapeutic potential than naïve MSC-EVs (Cont-EVs) in wound healing. Moreover, the in vivo wound closure effect of the Fla-EVs showed significant improvement compared with that of the flavonoid-only treatment group and the Cont-EVs. This study provides a strategy for the efficient production of EVs with superior therapeutic potential using flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeokyung Shin
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyub An
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Jang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- R&D Team, StemExOne Co., Ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Piper SK, Zocholl D, Toelch U, Roehle R, Stroux A, Hoessler J, Zinke A, Konietschke F. Statistical review of animal trials-A guideline. Biom J 2023; 65:e2200061. [PMID: 36071025 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Any experiment involving living organisms requires justification of the need and moral defensibleness of the study. Statistical planning, design, and sample size calculation of the experiment are no less important review criteria than general medical and ethical points to consider. Errors made in the statistical planning and data evaluation phase can have severe consequences on both results and conclusions. They might proliferate and thus impact future trials-an unintended outcome of fundamental research with profound ethical consequences. Unified statistical standards are currently missing for animal review boards in Germany. In order to accompany, we developed a biometric form to be filled and handed in with the proposal at the concerned local authority on animal welfare. It addresses relevant points to consider for biostatistical planning of animal experiments and can help both the applicants and the reviewers in overseeing the entire experiment(s) planned. Furthermore, the form might also aid in meeting the current standards set by the 3+3R's principle of animal experimentation: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement as well as Robustness, Registration, and Reporting. The form has already been in use by the concerned local authority of animal welfare in Berlin, Germany. In addition, we provide reference to our user guide giving more detailed explanation and examples for each section of the biometric form. Unifying the set of biostatistical aspects will help both the applicants and the reviewers to equal standards and increase quality of preclinical research projects, also for translational, multicenter, or international studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K Piper
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Informatics, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Zocholl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Toelch
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, QUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Roehle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Clinical Trial Office, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Stroux
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hoessler
- Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Referat für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Zinke
- Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Referat für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Konietschke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Descriptions of measures taken to optimize animal welfare are often absent from scientific reports of animal experiments. One reason may be that journal guidelines inadequately compel authors to provide such information. In this study, online English language versions of the 'Guidelines to authors' (GTAs) from 54 national biomedical journals were examined for neutral (unrelated to welfare) and non-neutral keywords referring to: animal welfare; the '3Rs'; the ARRIVE (2010) guidelines, and regulations pertaining to animal experimentation. Journals were selected from nine countries (UK, US, China, Canada, India, Brazil, Germany, Japan and Australia) and seven biomedical specialties (oncology, rheumatology, surgery, pharmacology, medicine, anaesthesia and veterinary medicine). Total GTA word counts varied from 1137 to 31,609. The keyword count identified per category were expressed per myriad (10,000) of total word count. One-way analyses of variance followed by post hoc Tukey pairwise comparisons revealed greater non-neutral per myriad word counts for (a) veterinary GTAs compared with medicine, oncology, rheumatology or surgery; (b) British, compared with Australian, Canadian, German and Japanese GTAs; and (c) no differences between non-neutral categories. The English language versions of GTAs of British and veterinary medical journals contain more words associated with animal welfare, the 3Rs and the ARRIVE guidelines than those from eight other countries and six other medical specialities. The exclusion of 'national' language versions from analysis precludes attempts to identify national differences in attitudes to laboratory animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Novak
- Bioresearch and Veterinary Services, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Darren J Shaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, The Roslin Institute, UK
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Zhao B, Hu K, Zeng X, Kwong JSW, Li B, Chen H, Tian G, Xiong J, Li Z, Niu J, Jiao M, Yang J, Ding F, Liu C, Du L, Zhang J, Ma B. Development of a reporting guideline for systematic reviews of animal experiments in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. J Evid Based Med 2022; 15:152-167. [PMID: 35775104 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, there are several systematic reviews published on animal experiments of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines provide a guarantee for significantly improving the reporting quality of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analysis (MAs) to a certain extent; however, there are still certain defects found in the quality of SRs/MAs of animal experiments of TCM. It has been found that especially, the descriptions of the rationale and animal characteristics of TCM interventions are inadequate. As a result, we have developed a novel reporting guideline for SRs/MAs of animal experimental in the field of TCM (PRISMA-ATCM) to overcome these problems. METHODS PRISMA-ATCM reporting guidelines were formed by analyzing both the status and quality of published SRs/MAs of animal experiments and consulting experts in the related fields, and then by Delphi consultation, consensus meeting and revision. RESULTS Among the 27 items on the PRISMA checklist, Title (1), Structured summary (2), Rationale (3), Objectives (4), Protocol and registration (5), Eligibility criteria (6), Data items (11), Planned methods of analysis (14), Study characteristics (18), Summary of evidence (24), Limitations (25), and Funding (27) have been extensively revised and expanded, to specifically include the details about TCM intervention and animal characteristics. In addition, illustrative examples and explanations have been provided for each item. CONCLUSION PRISMA-ATCM could markedly improve the quality SRs/MAs of animal experiments in the field of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Hu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiantao Zeng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J S W Kwong
- Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine Center, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Chinese Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Tian
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine, Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Second Provincial People's Hospital of Gansu, Affiliated Hospital of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Niu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Jiao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengxing Ding
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Du
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center/West China Publishers, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Chitnis KR, Shah AC, Jalgaonkar SV. A Study to Assess the Quality of Reporting of Animal Research Studies Published in PubMed Indexed Journals: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Content Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e21439. [PMID: 35198334 PMCID: PMC8857553 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: A complete and concise pre-clinical experimental research gives detailed information about the disease-specific model, prevents duplication, and saves animal life, money, as well as time. It will also allow readers to effectively interpret and evaluate the work and ensure that others can replicate the experiments described. The present study was conducted to assess the adequacy of animal details provided in published experimental animal studies. Methods: All in vivo studies published as full-text articles in two PubMed indexed journals (one Indian and one international) from January 2011 to December 2019 and satisfying the inclusion norms were included. A checklist consisting of 27 discrete items subdivided under three domains, viz. animal details, disease model, and guidelines, was used. Every article was assessed by two investigators independently for determining the reporting quality. Results: One hundred and seventy-seven studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Age or age range was reported in 20.34% of the articles in the Indian journal and 5.88% articles in the international journal (p=0.019). Housing and husbandry details were reported in all the articles published in the international journal and 82.7% of the articles in the Indian journal (p=0.001). The disease/pathology studied was given in 70.62% of articles published in the Indian journal and 86.27% of articles published in the international journal (p=0.029). None of the studies provided details of genetic modification, health status, sample size calculation, steps taken to minimize bias, and implementation of randomization. Conclusion: There is a need for optimal reporting of certain relevant animal details, disease models, experimental procedures, sample size calculation, and adherence to guidelines by the researchers for which the reporting was found to be sub-par to improve reproducibility and validity of animal research.
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Lee SY, Lee DY, Kang JH, Jeong JW, Kim JH, Kim HW, Oh DH, Kim JM, Rhim SJ, Kim GD, Kim HS, Jang YD, Park Y, Hur SJ. Alternative experimental approaches to reduce animal use in biomedical studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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