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Bucci R, Del Signore F, Vignoli M, Felici A, Russo M, Maresca C, Carluccio A. Canine prostatic serum esterase and strain and 2D-shear wave sonoelastography for evaluation of normal prostate in dogs: Preliminary results. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1311-1319. [PMID: 37501343 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Canine prostatic serum esterase (CPSE) is considered a useful tool to identify prostate disorders in dogs, with increasing interest in ultrasound (US)-based sonoelastography to non-invasively detect prostate disorders. Since no report is available about a possible correlation between these diagnostic tools, we aimed to investigate a possible correlation between strain elastography (SE) and 2D-shear wave elastography (SWE) and CPSE. Twenty-one dogs were included and, on each animal, CPSE was evaluated followed by a complete US examination and SE and 2D-SWE application. Healthy dogs were identified based on the CPSE results. All the dogs included were characterized by normal CPSE values (<52.3 ng/mL) and normal US prostate appearance. The prostate was characterized by intermediate stiffness with SE (pattern III - 84.7% for the left lobe and 79.27% for the right lobe) and softer than the abdominal wall (SR 0.6 for the left lobe and 0.56 for the right lobe), with low values for both m/s and kilopascals (kPa) for 2D-SWE, pointing that the healthy tissue is not hard. 2D-SWE results were, respectively, 13.51 ± 5.55 kPa and 2.31 ± 0.42 m/s for the left lobe and 18.05 ± 6.47 kPa and 2.39 ± 0.43 m/s for the right lobe. The significant difference between the right and left measurements expressed with kPa, not evidenced with m/s, can be considered indicative of m/s as the most reliable measurement to be considered regarding the prostate parenchyma. Even though no linear correlation was detected between CPSE and elastography values, these preliminary results evidence that the healthy prostates were characterized by a similar elastographic pattern, thus pointing that these techniques can be potentially useful to be applied in case of prostatic disorders to improve the accuracy of the final diagnosis in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Maresca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Holst BS, Nilsson S. Age, weight and circulating concentrations of total testosterone are associated with the relative prostatic size in adult intact male dogs. Theriogenology 2023; 198:356-360. [PMID: 36640740 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia (PH) is an androgen-dependent condition associated with increased prostatic size that is common in intact dogs, and similar to the condition in men. In dogs, the increase in prostatic size is most prominent the first years, and after approximately four years (in beagles), a plateau is reached, and further growth is slower. Why the prostate continues to grow more in some individuals is not clear. Most testosterone in the circulation is bound to albumin or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and only a minor part is unbound and biologically active. The binding to SHBG has higher affinity than that to albumin. In addition, SHBG has own biological functions, modifying testosterone action. The aim of the present study was to investigate if there is an association between relative prostatic size and the variables total testosterone concentration, SHBG concentration, an estimation of bioavailable testosterone: the ratio between testosterone and SHBG (free androgen index, FAI), estradiol concentration, the estradiol/testosterone ratio, dog age and dog weight. Hormone concentrations were measured in serum from 79 intact male dogs aged ≥ four years, weighing ≥ five kg. The size of the prostate was estimated using ultrasonography, and relative prostate size, Srel, was calculated as the estimated size related to the normal size for a 4-year-old dog of the same weight. There as a negative correlation between testosterone concentration and age (ρ = -0.27, P = 0.018) and a positive correlation between age and Srel (ρ = 0.27, P = 0.016) and between SHBG and weight (ρ = 0.38, P = 0.001). The FAI was negatively correlated with dog weight (ρ = -0.32, P = 0.004). There were no significant correlations between Srel and SHBG or FAI or between estradiol or estradiol/testosterone and Srel, age or weight. A multiple regression analysis showed significant associations between log Srel and log testosterone concentration, log age and log weight of the dog, with an adjusted R2 of 9.5%. Although the variables total testosterone concentration, age and weight of the dog were all significantly associated with Srel, the coefficient of determination was low, indicating that they only explained a minor part of the prostatic size. The results support the analysis of total testosterone in studies of prostatic growth in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sanna Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Arlt SP, Reichler IM, Herbel J, Schäfer-Somi S, Riege L, Leber J, Frehner B. Diagnostic tests in canine andrology - What do they really tell us about fertility? Theriogenology 2023; 196:150-156. [PMID: 36423509 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dog breeders often require breeding soundness evaluations which include andrological examinations of the genital organs, hormone measurements, and semen analyses. During the past decades, a considerable number of research results have been published, allowing diagnoses of specific andrological conditions and fertility assessment. For specific examinations, however, no standard procedures have been defined and for some parameters different reference ranges have been published. Therefore, examination results from different facilities are difficult to compare and profound conclusions regarding health and fertility of a male dog are not always possible. Conventional semen examination, however, is still useful in identifying deviations or no deviations from normality, especially if confounding factors are taken into account and if the exam is repeated in case of inconclusive findings. A standardization of examination procedures and reference ranges would help to harmonize the exchange of examination results and interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Arlt
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Iris M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Herbel
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schäfer-Somi
- Platform for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Riege
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Leber
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Frehner
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Domoslawska A, Zduńczyk S, Kankofer M, Bielecka A. Oxidative stress biomarkers in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:21. [PMID: 36517914 PMCID: PMC9753414 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and biomarkers of lipid and protein peroxidation in the blood serum of dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The study was conducted on 36 intact male dogs of various breeds. The dogs were assigned to two groups: BPH group (n = 18) and non-affected group (n = 18). Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein. The antioxidant status of the serum was assessed using TAC. The levels of bityrosine, formylkynurenine and SH-groups were used as protein peroxidation biomarkers and the level of radical cations of N,N-diethyl-paraphenylene diamine (RC-DEPPD) was used as a marker for lipid peroxidation. TAC and the concentrations of SH-groups and RC-DEPPD in the serum were determined spectrophotometrically, the concentrations of bityrosine and formylokynurenine, were determined using spectrofluorimetric methods. RESULTS The mean value of TAC in the serum was significantly lower (P = 0.01) in BPH dogs than in non-affected dogs (3.10 ± 0.56 vs 4.20 ± 1.60 μmol/g protein). Mean levels of protein and lipid oxidation biomarkers showed a trend towards oxidative imbalance, but there were no statistically significant differences between dogs with BPH and controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, significantly lower serum TAC in dogs with BPH compared to non-affected dogs suggests a potential involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of BPH in dogs. More studies are needed to clarify the role of oxidative stress in the development of BPH in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Domoslawska
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Zduńczyk
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Arleta Bielecka
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Nascente EDP, Amorim RL, Fonseca-Alves CE, de Moura VMBD. Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2727. [PMID: 35681707 PMCID: PMC9179314 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
First described in 1817, prostate cancer is considered a complex neoplastic entity, and one of the main causes of death in men in the western world. In dogs, prostatic carcinoma (PC) exhibits undifferentiated morphology with different phenotypes, is hormonally independent of aggressive character, and has high rates of metastasis to different organs. Although in humans, the risk factors for tumor development are known, in dogs, this scenario is still unclear, especially regarding castration. Therefore, with the advent of molecular biology, studies were and are carried out with the aim of identifying the main molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of canine PC, aiming to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. However, there are extensive gaps to be filled, especially when considering the dog as experimental model for the study of this neoplasm in humans. Thus, due to the complexity of the subject, the objective of this review is to present the main pathobiological aspects of canine PC from a comparative point of view to the same neoplasm in the human species, addressing the historical context and current understanding in the scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Paula Nascente
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil;
| | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil;
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