1
|
Gartrell BD, Hunter S, Collen R, Jolly M, McInnes K, Richardson A, Reed C, Ward R, Pita A. Health impacts of poor water quality on an endangered shorebird breeding programme in Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:103-111. [PMID: 37752889 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2263425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Two clusters of mortality among endangered tūturuatu/tchūriwat'/shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) have occurred at captive breeding facilities around New Zealand in recent years. In the first, four chicks died at Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre (Mount Bruce, NZ) in February 2016, and in the second five adult birds at the Cape Sanctuary (Cape Kidnappers, NZ) died in 2022. CLINICAL FINDINGS In 2016, four chicks were noted to become weak, have increased vocalisations and closed eyes prior to death. The remaining chicks were treated for 5 days with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily. Water containers and brooders were cleaned and disinfected with chlorhexidine. No further mortality was seen.In the 2022 cluster, three adult breeding birds died acutely and five others showed inappetence, weight loss and diarrhoea approximately 10 days after heavy rains flooded the local river. The five birds were treated with amoxycillin/clavulanate orally twice daily and oral fluids for 5 days. Two birds died and three survived. No breeding occurred in the aviaries in the following season. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS In 2016, the chicks showed pulmonary changes ranging from congestion and oedema to heterophilic inflammation consistent with septicaemia.In 2022, the adult birds showed proliferation of bacteria in the distal small intestine associated with mucosal ulceration and heterophilic infiltration. Acid-fast staining of the caecal contents in one bird showed organisms consistent with Cryptosporidium spp. LABORATORY FINDINGS Aerobic bacterial cultures of the lung and liver of two affected chicks carried out in 2016 showed heavy growth of Plesiomonas shigelloides. The same organism was cultured from water trays and holding tanks containing water boatmen (Sigara arguta) on which the chicks were fed.In 2022, cultures from the livers of three dead birds each showed a mixed bacterial growth with differing dominant organisms (Aeromonas sobria, Hafnia alvei, Citrobacter freundii and an Enterococcus sp.). PCR and sequencing confirmed Cryptosporidium parvum in the caecum of one bird. Fresh faeces from 24 breeding birds from the captive breeding facilities were negative by PCR for Cryptosporidium spp.The captive breeding facilities obtain water for the aviaries and aquatic invertebrates to feed to the chicks from local freshwater sources. Water quality testing at the Cape Sanctuary revealed concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria in excess of safe drinking water guidelines, with peaks following heavy rainfall. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fluctuations in water quality associated with mammalian faecal bacteria can adversely affect bird health and impact on captive rearing of endangered wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Collen
- Department of Conservation, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - M Jolly
- Wildbase, Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K McInnes
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A Richardson
- The Isaac Conservation and Wildlife Trust, Harewood, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Reed
- Pūkaha National Wildlife Centre, Mount Bruce, New Zealand
| | - R Ward
- The Cape Sanctuary, Cape Kidnappers, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand
| | - A Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lagadec E, Mjølnerød EB, Jensen ØM, Plarre H, Nylund A. Multiple Aeromonas strains isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying red skin disease signs in Scandinavian rivers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13870. [PMID: 37800856 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) displaying clinical signs of red skin disease (RSD), including haemorrhagic and ulcerative skin lesions, have been repeatedly observed in Swedish rivers. Although the disease has since been reported in other countries, including Norway, Denmark, Ireland and the UK, no pathogen has so far been conclusively associated with RSD. In this study, the presence of 17 fish pathogens was investigated through qPCR in 18 returning Atlantic salmon with clinical signs of the disease in rivers in Sweden and Norway between 2019 and 2021. Several potential pathogens were repeatedly detected, including a protozoan (Ichthyobodo spp.), an oomycete (Saprolegnia spp.) and several bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Aeromonas spp.). Cultivation on different media from ulcers and internal organs revealed high concentrations of rod-shaped bacteria typical of Aeromonadaceae. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of different clones and single gene phylogenies of sequences obtained from the fish revealed concurrent isolation of several bacterial strains belonging to the species A. bestiarum, A. piscicola and A. sobria. While these bacterial infections may be secondary, these findings are significant for future studies on RSD and should guide the investigation of future outbreaks. However, the involvement of Aeromonas spp. as putative primary etiological agents of the disease cannot be ruled out and needs to be assessed by challenge experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lagadec
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Bysveen Mjølnerød
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Marius Jensen
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidrun Plarre
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palaniyappan S, Sridhar A, Kari ZA, Téllez-Isaías G, Ramasamy T. Potentials of Aloe barbadensis inclusion in fish feeds on resilience to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1435-1459. [PMID: 37996691 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic bacterial pathogens can cause severe economic loss in aquaculture industry. An opportunistic pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila is responsible for Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, leading to high mortality rates in fish. The present study was focused on the efficacy of Aloe barbadensis replacing fishmeal diets on hematological, serum biochemical, antioxidant, histopathological parameters, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection in Labeo rohita. Isonitrogenous fishmeal replaced diets (FMR) were prepared with varying levels of A. barbadensis at D1 (0%) (control), D2 (25%), D3 (50%), D4 (75%) and D5 (100%) then fed to L. rohita. After 60 days of post-feeding, the experimental fish were challenged with A. hydrophila. Blood and organs were collected and examined at 1- and 15-days post infection (dpi). The results demonstrated that on 1 dpi, white blood cells (WBC), total protein, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly increased in D3 diet fed groups. The D2 and D3 diet fed group showed decreasing trends of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and antioxidant enzymes activity on 15 dpi. The histopathological architecture results clearly illustrated that the D3 diet fed group had given a higher protective effect by reducing the pathological changes associated with A. hydrophila infection in liver, intestine and muscle. Higher percentage of survival rate was also observed in D3 diet fed group. Therefore, the present study suggested that the dietary administration of A. barbadensis up to 50% fishmeal replacement (D3 diet) can elicit earlier antioxidant activity, innate immune response and improve survival rate in L. rohita against A. hydrophila infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivagaami Palaniyappan
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Malaysia
| | | | - Thirumurugan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cantillo Villa Y, Triga A, Katharios P. Polyinfection in Fish Aeromoniasis: A Study of Co-Isolated Aeromonas Species in Aeromonas veronii Outbreaks. Pathogens 2023; 12:1337. [PMID: 38003801 PMCID: PMC10674900 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the phenotypic and genomic characteristics related to the virulence and antibiotic resistance of two Aeromonas strains, which were co-isolated before an outbreak of Aeromonas veronii among diseased seabass on Agathonisi Island, Greece, in April 2015. The first strain, AG2.13.2, is a potentially pathogenic mesophilic variant of Aeromonas salmonicida, and the second, AG2.13.5, corresponds to an Aeromonas rivipollensis related to A. rivipollensis KN-Mc-11N1 with an ANI value of 97.32%. AG2.13.2 lacks the type III secretion system just like other mesophilic strains of A. salmonicida. This characteristic has been associated with lower virulence. However, the genome of AG2.13.2 contains other important virulence factors such as type II and type VI secretion systems, and toxins such as rtxA, aerolysin aer/act, and different types of hemolysins. The strain also carries several genes associated with antibiotic resistance such as the tetE efflux pump, and exhibits resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and oxolinic acid. In an in vivo challenge test with gilthead seabream larvae, the A. veronii bv sobria strain AG5.28.6 exhibited the highest virulence among all tested strains. Conversely, both A. salmonicida and A. rivipollensis showed minimal virulence when administered alone. Interestingly, when A. veronii bv sobria AG5.28.6 was co-administered with A. rivipollensis, the larvae survival probability increased compared to those exposed to A. veronii bv sobria AG5.28.6 alone. This finding indicates an antagonistic interaction between A. veronii bv sobria AG5.28.6 and A. rivipollensis AG2.13.5. The co-administration of A. veronii bv sobria AG5.28.6 with Aeromonas salmonicida did not yield distinct survival probabilities. Our results validate that the primary pathogen responsible for European seabass aeromoniasis is Aeromonas veronii bv sobria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanelys Cantillo Villa
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 71500 Gournes, Greece; (Y.C.V.); (A.T.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Adriana Triga
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 71500 Gournes, Greece; (Y.C.V.); (A.T.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 71500 Gournes, Greece; (Y.C.V.); (A.T.)
- Aquatic Biologicals, Thalassocosmos, 71500 Gournes, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen H, Zhao Y, Chen K, Wei Y, Luo H, Li Y, Liu F, Zhu Z, Hu W, Luo D. Isolation, Identification, and Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria From Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Naturally Infected With Plesiomonas shigelloides. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872896. [PMID: 35844551 PMCID: PMC9279890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various bacterial diseases have caused great economic losses to the high-density and intensive aquaculture industry; however, the pathogenic mechanism underlying the large-scale challenged to caused by many bacteria remain unclear, making the prevention and treatment of these diseases difficult. In the present study, we isolated a bacterial strain from Cyprinus carpio having a typical bacterial disease and named it Cc2021. Through subsequent morphological observations, a regression challenge, biochemical identification, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we determined Cc2021 to be Plesiomonas shigelloides. Subsequently, we comprehensively investigated the pathogenicity of P. shigelloides in C. carpio through a regression challenge and assessed the underlying the pathogenic mechanism. Mortality results revealed that P. shigelloides is highly pathogenic and infects various tissues throughout the body, resulting in edema of the liver, spleen, and body and head kidneys. Histopathological analysis revealed obvious inflammation, bleeding, and necrosis in the intestine, spleen, and head kidney. The body’s immune tissues actively produce complement C3, superoxide dismutase, and lysozyme after a challenge to resist bacterial invasion. With regard to the underlying pathogenesis of P. shigelloides, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 876 upregulated genes and 828 downregulated genes in the intestine of C. carpio after the challenge. Analysis of differentially expressed unigenes revealed the involvement of major immune pathways, particularly the TNF signaling pathway, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The present study provides new valuable information on the immune system and defense mechanisms of P. shigelloides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuangxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Daji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Daji Luo,
| |
Collapse
|