TMT-based quantitative proteomics reveals the targets of andrographolide on LPS-induced liver injury

Generation and Accumulation of Various Advanced Glycation End-Products in Cardiomyocytes May Induce Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiomyocyte dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can be classified as ischemic or non-ischemic. We consider the induction of cardiac tissue dysfunction by intracellular advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in cardiomyocytes as a novel type of non-ischemic CVD. Various types of AGEs can be generated from saccharides (glucose and fructose) and their intermediate/non-enzymatic reaction byproducts. Recently, certain types of AGEs (Nε-carboxymethyl-lycine [CML], 2-ammnonio-6-[4-(hydroxymetyl)-3-oxidopyridinium-1-yl]-hexanoate-lysine [4-hydroxymethyl-OP-lysine, hydroxymethyl-OP-lysine], and Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine [MG-H1]) were identified and quantified in the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and F-actin-tropomyosin filament in the cardiomyocytes of mice or patients with diabetes and/or heart failure. Under these conditions, the excessive leakage of Ca2+ from glycated RyR2 and reduced contractile force from glycated F-actin-tropomyosin filaments induce cardiomyocyte dysfunction. CVDs are included in lifestyle-related diseases (LSRDs), which ancient people recognized and prevented using traditional medicines (e.g., Kampo medicines). Various natural compounds, such as quercetin, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in these drugs can inhibit the generation of intracellular AGEs through mechanisms such as the carbonyl trap effect and glyoxalase 1 activation, potentially preventing CVDs caused by intracellular AGEs, such as CML, hydroxymethyl-OP, and MG-H1. These investigations showed that bioactive herbal extracts obtained from traditional medicine treatments may contain compounds that prevent CVDs.

Analysis of Crude, Diverse, and Multiple Advanced Glycation End-Product Patterns May Be Important and Beneficial

Lifestyle-related diseases (LSRDs), such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, are a global crisis. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been extensively researched because they trigger or promote LSRDs. Recently, techniques such as fluorimetry, immunostaining, Western blotting, slot blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) have helped prove the existence of intra/extracellular AGEs and revealed novel AGE structures and their modifications against peptide sequences. Therefore, we propose modifications to the existing categorization of AGEs, which was based on the original compounds identified by researchers in the 20th century. In this investigation, we introduce the (i) crude, (ii) diverse, and (iii) multiple AGE patterns. The crude AGE pattern is based on the fact that one type of saccharide or its metabolites or derivatives can generate various AGEs. Diverse and multiple AGE patterns were introduced based on the possibility of combining various AGE structures and proteins and were proven through mass analysis technologies such as MALDI-MS and ESI-MS. Kampo medicines are typically used to treat LSRDs. Because various compounds are contained in Kampo medicines and metabolized to exert effects on various organs or tissues, they may be suitable against various AGEs.