Analysis of genetic variation in human papillomavirus type 16 E1 and E2 in women with cervical infection in Xinjiang, China

Identification of HPV16 Lineages in South African and Mozambican Women with Normal and Abnormal Cervical Cytology

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is an oncogenic virus responsible for the majority of invasive cervical cancer cases worldwide. Due to genetic modifications, some variants are more oncogenic than others. We analysed the HPV16 phylogeny in HPV16-positive cervical Desoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) samples collected from South African and Mozambican women to detect the circulating lineages.

METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the long control region (LCR) and 300 nucleotides of the E6 region was performed using HPV16-specific primers on HPV16-positive cervical samples collected in women from South Africa and Mozambique. HPV16 sequences were obtained through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods. Geneious prime and MEGA 11 software were used to align the sequences to 16 HPV16 reference sequences, gathering the A, B, C, and D lineages and generating the phylogenetic tree. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LCR and E6 regions were analysed and the phylogenetic tree was generated using Geneious Prime software.

RESULTS

Fifty-eight sequences were analysed. Of these sequences, 79% (46/58) were from women who had abnormal cervical cytology. Fifteen SNPs in the LCR and eight in the E6 region were found to be the most common in all sequences. The phylogenetic analysis determined that 45% of the isolates belonged to the A1 sublineage (European variant), 34% belonged to the C1 sublineage (African 1 variant), 16% belonged to the B1 and B2 sublineage (African 2 variant), two isolates belonged to the D1-3 sublineages (Asian-American variant), and one to the North American variant.

CONCLUSIONS

The African and European HPV16 variants were the most common circulating lineages in South African and Mozambican women. A high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was the most common cervical abnormality observed and linked to European and African lineages. These findings may contribute to understanding molecular HPV16 epidemiology in South Africa and Mozambique.

Analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 E4, E5 and L2 gene variations among women with cervical infection in Xinjiang, China

BACKGROUND

There is a high incidence of cervical cancer in Xinjiang. Genetic variation in human papillomavirus may increase its ability to invade, spread, and escape host immune response.

METHODS

HPV16 genome was sequenced for 90 positive samples of HPV16 infection. Sequences of the E4, E5 and L2 genes were analysed to reveal sequence variation of HPV16 in Xinjiang and the distribution of variation among the positive samples of HPV16 infection.

RESULTS

Eighty-one of the 90 samples of HPV16 infection showed variation in HPV16 E4 gene with 18 nucleotide variation sites, of which 8 sites were synonymous variations and 11 missense variations. 90 samples of HPV16 infection showed variation in HPV16 E5 and L2 genes with 16 nucleotide variation sites (6 synonymous, 11 missense variations) in the E5 gene and 100 nucleotide variation sites in L2 gene (37 synonymous, 67 missense variations). The frequency of HPV16 L2 gene missense variations G3377A, G3599A, G3703A, and G3757A was higher in the case groups than in the control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 87 samples were European strains, 3 cases were Asian strains, there were no other variations, and G4181A was related to Asian strains. HPV16 L2 gene missense variations G3377A, G3599A, G3703A, and G3757A were significantly more frequent in the case groups than in the control groups.

Characterization of the Human Papillomavirus 16 Oncogenes in K14HPV16 Mice: Sublineage A1 Drives Multi-Organ Carcinogenesis

The study of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced carcinogenesis uses multiple in vivo mouse models, one of which relies on the cytokeratin 14 gene promoter to drive the expression of all HPV early oncogenes. This study aimed to determine the HPV16 variant and sublineage present in the K14HPV16 mouse model. This information can be considered of great importance to further enhance this K14HPV16 model as an essential research tool and optimize its use for basic and translational studies. Our study evaluated HPV DNA from 17 samples isolated from 4 animals, both wild-type (n = 2) and HPV16-transgenic mice (n = 2). Total DNA was extracted from tissues and the detection of HPV16 was performed using a qPCR multiplex. HPV16-positive samples were subsequently whole-genome sequenced by next-generation sequencing techniques. The phylogenetic positioning clearly shows K14HPV16 samples clustering together in the sub-lineage A1 (NC001526.4). A comparative genome analysis of K14HPV16 samples revealed three mutations to the human papillomaviruses type 16 sublineage A1 representative strain. Knowledge of the HPV 16 variant is fundamental, and these findings will allow the rational use of this animal model to explore the role of the A1 sublineage in HPV-driven cancer.

Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Rhopaladins’ Analog RPDPD Against the HeLa Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line

Heterocyclic compounds were widely used in many domains; pyrrolidone is a derivative of heterocycles that can be used to synthesize anticancer drugs. A new fluorine-containing rhopaladins’ analog(E)-2-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(tert-butyl)-4-(4-fluoro benzylidene)-5-oxo-1-propylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (RPDPD for short) of 2-aroyl-4-arylidene-5-oxopyrrolidine derivative was synthesized by the one-pot synthesis method and evaluated for its anti-tumor activity in vitro via CCK8 assay and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining of HeLa cells. The results exhibited that compound RPDPD has inhibited the proliferation of HeLa in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ of 24.23 μmol/L (p < 0.05) and has low hepatotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 235.6 μmol/L (p < 0.05) to normal hepatocyte LO2 cells. The apoptotic assay demonstrated that compound RPDPD has induced apoptosis in HeLa cells (from 14.26 to 23.4%, p < 0.05). qRT-PCR results showed that the compound RPDPD could inhibit the expression of oncogene E6/E7 mRNA (p < 0.05) of human papillomavirus (HPV). The results of Western blot showed that the compound RPDPD promoted the expression of TIMP3 protein and inhibited the expression of MMP3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the compound RPDPD can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and induce the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA expressions, and the anticancer effect of the compound RPDPD on cervical cancer is closely related to the TIMP3/MMP3 signaling axis.