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Alhassen W, Alhassen S, Chen J, Monfared RV, Alachkar A. Cilia in the Striatum Mediate Timing-Dependent Functions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:545-565. [PMID: 36322337 PMCID: PMC9849326 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Almost all brain cells contain cilia, antennae-like microtubule-based organelles. Yet, the significance of cilia, once considered vestigial organelles, in the higher-order brain functions is unknown. Cilia act as a hub that senses and transduces environmental sensory stimuli to generate an appropriate cellular response. Similarly, the striatum, a brain structure enriched in cilia, functions as a hub that receives and integrates various types of environmental information to drive appropriate motor response. To understand cilia's role in the striatum functions, we used loxP/Cre technology to ablate cilia from the dorsal striatum of male mice and monitored the behavioral consequences. Our results revealed an essential role for striatal cilia in the acquisition and brief storage of information, including learning new motor skills, but not in long-term consolidation of information or maintaining habitual/learned motor skills. A fundamental aspect of all disrupted functions was the "time perception/judgment deficit." Furthermore, the observed behavioral deficits form a cluster pertaining to clinical manifestations overlapping across psychiatric disorders that involve the striatum functions and are known to exhibit timing deficits. Thus, striatal cilia may act as a calibrator of the timing functions of the basal ganglia-cortical circuit by maintaining proper timing perception. Our findings suggest that dysfunctional cilia may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuro-psychiatric disorders, as related to deficits in timing perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Sammy Alhassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Roudabeh Vakil Monfared
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, 356A Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 USA ,UC Irvine Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA ,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Su ZH, Patel S, Bredemeyer O, FitzGerald JJ, Antoniades CA. Parkinson’s disease deficits in time perception to auditory as well as visual stimuli – A large online study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:995438. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.995438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and range from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, often dramatically reducing quality of life. Physiological models have shown that attention and memory are predicated on the brain’s ability to process time. Perception has been shown to be increased or decreased by activation or deactivation of dopaminergic neurons respectively. Here we investigate differences in time perception between patients with PD and healthy controls. We have measured differences in sub-second- and second-time intervals. Sensitivity and error in perception as well as the response times are calculated. Additionally, we investigated intra-individual response variability and the effect of participant devices on both reaction time and sensitivity. Patients with PD have impaired sensitivity in discriminating between durations of both visual and auditory stimuli compared to healthy controls. Though initially designed as an in-person study, because of the pandemic the experiment was adapted into an online study. This adaptation provided a unique opportunity to enroll a larger number of international participants and use this study to evaluate the feasibility of future virtual studies focused on cognitive impairment. To our knowledge this is the only time perception study, focusing on PD, which measures the differences in perception using both auditory and visual stimuli. The cohort involved is the largest to date, comprising over 800 participants.
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From anticipation to impulsivity in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:125. [PMID: 36184657 PMCID: PMC9527232 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipatory actions require to keep track of elapsed time and inhibitory control. These cognitive functions could be impacted in Parkinson's disease (iPD). To test this hypothesis, a saccadic reaction time task was used where a visual warning stimulus (WS) predicted the occurrence of an imperative one (IS) appearing after a short delay. In the implicit condition, subjects were not informed about the duration of the delay, disfavoring anticipatory behavior but leaving inhibitory control unaltered. In the explicit condition, delay duration was cued. This should favor anticipatory behavior and perhaps alter inhibitory control. This hypothesis was tested in controls (N = 18) and age-matched iPD patients (N = 20; ON and OFF L-DOPA). We found that the latency distribution of saccades before the IS was bimodal. The 1st mode weakly depended on temporal information and was more prominent in iPD. Saccades in this mode were premature and could result of a lack of inhibition. The 2nd mode covaried with cued duration suggesting that these movements were genuine anticipatory saccades. The explicit condition increased the probability of anticipatory saccades before the IS in controls and iPDON but not iPDOFF patients. Furthermore, in iPD patients the probability of sequences of 1st mode premature responses increased. In conclusion, the triggering of a premature saccade or the initiation of a controlled anticipatory one could be conceptualized as the output of two independent stochastic processes. Altered time perception and increased motor impulsivity could alter the balance between these two processes in favor of the latter in iPD, particularly OFF L-Dopa.
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Terao Y, Honma M, Asahara Y, Tokushige SI, Furubayashi T, Miyazaki T, Inomata-Terada S, Uchibori A, Miyagawa S, Ichikawa Y, Chiba A, Ugawa Y, Suzuki M. Time Distortion in Parkinsonism. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648814. [PMID: 33815049 PMCID: PMC8017233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although animal studies and studies on Parkinson’s disease (PD) suggest that dopamine deficiency slows the pace of the internal clock, which is corrected by dopaminergic medication, timing deficits in parkinsonism remain to be characterized with diverse findings. Here we studied patients with PD and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 3–4 h after drug intake, and normal age-matched subjects. We contrasted perceptual (temporal bisection, duration comparison) and motor timing tasks (time production/reproduction) in supra- and sub-second time domains, and automatic versus cognitive/short-term memory–related tasks. Subjects were allowed to count during supra-second production and reproduction tasks. In the time production task, linearly correlating the produced time with the instructed time showed that the “subjective sense” of 1 s is slightly longer in PD and shorter in PSP than in normals. This was superposed on a prominent trend of underestimation of longer (supra-second) durations, common to all groups, suggesting that the pace of the internal clock changed from fast to slow as time went by. In the time reproduction task, PD and, more prominently, PSP patients over-reproduced shorter durations and under-reproduced longer durations at extremes of the time range studied, with intermediate durations reproduced veridically, with a shallower slope of linear correlation between the presented and produced time. In the duration comparison task, PD patients overestimated the second presented duration relative to the first with shorter but not longer standard durations. In the bisection task, PD and PSP patients estimated the bisection point (BP50) between the two supra-second but not sub-second standards to be longer than normal subjects. Thus, perceptual timing tasks showed changes in opposite directions to motor timing tasks: underestimating shorter durations and overestimating longer durations. In PD, correlation of the mini-mental state examination score with supra-second BP50 and the slope of linear correlation in the reproduction task suggested involvement of short-term memory in these tasks. Dopamine deficiency didn’t correlate significantly with timing performances, suggesting that the slowed clock hypothesis cannot explain the entire results. Timing performance in PD may be determined by complex interactions among time scales on the motor and sensory sides, and by their distortion in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Asahara
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Furubayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Environment Science, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tai Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Uchibori
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaeko Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuro Chiba
- Department of Neurology, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masahiko Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Fontes RM, Marinho V, Carvalho V, Rocha K, Magalhães F, Moura I, Ribeiro P, Velasques B, Cagy M, Gupta DS, Bastos VH, Teles AS, Teixeira S. Time estimation exposure modifies cognitive aspects and cortical activity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:999-1014. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1715394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhailana Medeiros Fontes
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Victor Marinho
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Valécia Carvalho
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Francisco Magalhães
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Iris Moura
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daya S. Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Ariel Soares Teles
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Neuro-Innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
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Motta MR, Tumas V, Bueno JLO. Time Perception of an Artwork's Manipulation Is Distorted by Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:6. [PMID: 30906255 PMCID: PMC6419149 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In artwork appreciation situations, individuals often show altered time perception. We tested the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients present movement patterns that have an impact on the time perception of artwork manipulation time. We predicted that, compared to healthy controls (non-PD), differences in the exploratory behavior of patients would evoke alteration of artwork manipulation time perception. Methods: Ten PD patients and 10 non-PD participants manipulated two reproductions of artwork with different complexity levels from the series "Bichos" by Lygia Clark. Subsequently, participants performed a verbal estimation regarding the temporal duration of their manipulations. The exploratory behavior was analyzed. Results: All participants overestimated the artwork manipulation time. However, PD patients, regardless of the artwork's level of complexity, showed shorter manipulation time and minor time overestimation compared to the non-PD participants. PD patients touched the artworks more often, especially the more complex artworks, than the non-PD participants; in contrast, PD patients moved the artworks less often, particularly the less complex artwork. Conclusion: PD patients showed an altered perception of artwork manipulation time. This suggests that exploratory behavior influenced temporal estimation. Besides, it is likely that PD patients had presented a decreased ability to manage attention during the task, which interfered in the cognitive reconstruction of its duration. Considered altogether, these appointments indicate that, as a result of cognitive and motor deficits, PD patients showed impairment in temporal information processing. The exploratory behavior facilitated the understanding of these results and processes in terms of motor-timing operations of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Regina Motta
- Department of Psychology, Psychobiology Division, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences, Movement Disorder Division, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Lino Oliveira Bueno
- Department of Psychology, Psychobiology Division, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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