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Song J, Liu S, Xie Y, Zhang C, Xu C. Diagnostic value of DNA or RNA-based metagenomic next-generation sequencing in lower respiratory tract infections. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30712. [PMID: 38765131 PMCID: PMC11098835 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of RNA-mNGS and DNA-mNGS workflow in bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia and tuberculosis. Methods A total of 134 cases suspected pneumonia undergoing both DNA and RNA based mNGS of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and also traditional etiological examination were evaluated retrospectively.Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy rate of DNA and RNA based mNGS were estimated. Results In the diagnosis performance of bacterial pathogens in LRTIs,the specificity of RNA-mNGS was higher than that of DNA-mNGS(82.3 % vs. 61.9 %, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference of sensitivity between the two process(71.4 % vs. 85.7 %, P = 0.375).In the diagnosis performance of fungal pathogens in LRTIs,the specificity of RNA-mNGS was higher than that of DNA-mNGS (72.3 % vs. 27.3 %,p < 0.001). There was no significant difference of sensitivity between the two process(96.5 % vs. 98.8 %,p = 0.125).In the diagnosis performance of tuberculosis in LRTIs,the sensitivity of DNA-mNGS was higher than that of RNA-mNGS (91.7 % vs. 33.3 %,p = 0.016),the specificity was similar in the two process (100 %). Conclusions RNA-mNGS may reduced the misdiagnosis rate of bacterial and fungal pathogens in LRTIs.Compared to RNA-mNGS, DNA-mNGS may could improve the diagnostic rate of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suxia Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Dinfectome Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Zhang L, Liu X, Fan B, Chen J, Chen J, Li Q, Wu X. Microbiome features in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-related interstitial lung disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1338947. [PMID: 38633306 PMCID: PMC11021725 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1338947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), which is one of the connective tissue diseases (CTD). It can lead to poor prognosis and increased mortality. However, the distribution and role of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) microbiome in patients with IIM-ILD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the microbial diversity and community differences in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in patients with IIM-ILD. Methods From 28 June 2021 to 26 December 2023, 51 individual BALF samples were enrolled, consisting of 20 patients with IIM-ILD, 16 patients with other CTD-ILD (including 8 patients with SLE and 8 with RA) and 15 patients with CAP. The structure and function of microbiota in BALF were identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Results The community evenness of LRT microbiota within the IIM-ILD group was marginally lower compared to the other CTD-ILD and CAP groups. Nonetheless, there were no noticeable differences. The species community structure was similar among the three groups, based on the Bray-Curtis distance between the samples. At the level of genus, the IIM-ILD group displayed a considerably higher abundance of Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium in comparison to the CAP group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). At the species level, we found that the relative abundance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased significantly in the IIM-ILD group compared to the CAP group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the relative abundance of Prevotella pallens was significantly higher in other CTD-ILD groups compared to that in the IIM-ILD group (p < 0.05). Of all the clinical indicators examined in the correlation analysis, ferritin level demonstrated the strongest association with LRT flora, followed by Serum interleukin-6 level (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our research has identified particular LRT microorganisms that were found to be altered in the IIM-ILD group and were significantly associated with immune function and inflammatory markers in patients. The lower respiratory tract microbiota has potential in the diagnosis and treatment of IIM-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bijun Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Yuan X, Xie L, Shi Z, Zhou M. Application of mNGS in the study of pulmonary microbiome in pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary infection patients and exploration of potential biomarkers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1200157. [PMID: 37545858 PMCID: PMC10403237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumoconiosis patients have a high prevalence of pulmonary infections, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment. And there is no comprehensive study of the microbiome of patients with pneumoconiosis. The application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) fills the gap to some extent by analyzing the lung microbiota of pneumoconiosis population while achieving accurate diagnosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 44 patients with suspected pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary infection between Jan 2020 and Nov 2022. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens from 44 patients were collected and tested using the mNGS technology. Results Among the lung microbiome of pneumoconiosis patients with complicated pulmonary infection (P group), the most frequently detected bacteria and fungi at the genus level were Streptococcus and Aspergillus, at the species level were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Aspergillus flavus, respectively, and the most frequently detected DNA virus was Human gammaherpesvirus 4. There was no significant difference in α diversity between the P group and the non-pneumoconiosis patients complicated with pulmonary infection group (Non-P group) in pulmonary flora, while P< 0.01 for β diversity analysis, and the differential species between the two groups were Mycobacterium colombiense and Fusobacterium nucleatum. In addition, we monitored a high distribution of Malassezia and Pneumocystis in the P group, while herpes virus was detected in the majority of samples. Conclusions Overall, we not only revealed a comprehensive lung microbiome profile of pneumoconiosis patients, but also compared the differences between their microbiome and that of non-pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary infection patients. This provides a good basis for a better understanding of the relationship between pneumoconiosis and microorganisms, and for the search of potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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4
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Zhang CYK, Ahmed M, Huszti E, Levy L, Hunter SE, Boonstra KM, Moshkelgosha S, Sage AT, Azad S, Ghany R, Yeung JC, Crespin OM, Singer LG, Keshavjee S, Martinu T. Utility of bile acids in large airway bronchial wash versus bronchoalveolar lavage as biomarkers of microaspiration in lung transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study. Respir Res 2022; 23:219. [PMID: 36028826 PMCID: PMC9419323 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a key tool in respiratory medicine for sampling the distal airways. BAL bile acids are putative biomarkers of pulmonary microaspiration, which is associated with poor outcomes after lung transplantation. Compared to BAL, large airway bronchial wash (LABW) samples the tracheobronchial space where bile acids may be measurable at more clinically relevant levels. We assessed whether LABW bile acids, compared to BAL bile acids, are more strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes in lung transplant recipients. Methods Concurrently obtained BAL and LABW at 3 months post-transplant from a retrospective cohort of 61 lung transplant recipients were analyzed for taurocholic acid (TCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), and cholic acid by mass spectrometry and 10 inflammatory proteins by multiplex immunoassay. Associations between bile acids with inflammatory proteins and acute lung allograft dysfunction were assessed using Spearman correlation and logistic regression, respectively. Time to chronic lung allograft dysfunction and death were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan–Meier methods. Results Most bile acids and inflammatory proteins were higher in LABW than in BAL. LABW bile acids correlated with inflammatory proteins within and between sample type. LABW TCA and GCA were associated with acute lung allograft dysfunction (OR = 1.368; 95%CI = 1.036–1.806; P = 0.027, OR = 1.064; 95%CI = 1.009–1.122; P = 0.022, respectively). No bile acids were associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Adjusted for risk factors, LABW TCA and GCA predicted death (HR = 1.513; 95%CI = 1.014–2.256; P = 0.042, HR = 1.597; 95%CI = 1.078–2.366; P = 0.020, respectively). Patients with LABW TCA in the highest tertile had worse survival compared to all others. Conclusions LABW bile acids are more strongly associated than BAL bile acids with inflammation, acute lung allograft dysfunction, and death in lung transplant recipients. Collection of LABW may be useful in the evaluation of microaspiration in lung transplantation and other respiratory diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02131-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Musawir Ahmed
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ella Huszti
- Biostatistics Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liran Levy
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah E Hunter
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristen M Boonstra
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew T Sage
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sassan Azad
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rasheed Ghany
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Yeung
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Oscar M Crespin
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lianne G Singer
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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Shanthikumar S, Neeland MR, Saffery R, Ranganathan SC, Oshlack A, Maksimovic J. DNA Methylation Profiles of Purified Cell Types in Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Applications for Mixed Cell Paediatric Pulmonary Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:788705. [PMID: 35003108 PMCID: PMC8727592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In epigenome-wide association studies analysing DNA methylation from samples containing multiple cell types, it is essential to adjust the analysis for cell type composition. One well established strategy for achieving this is reference-based cell type deconvolution, which relies on knowledge of the DNA methylation profiles of purified constituent cell types. These are then used to estimate the cell type proportions of each sample, which can then be incorporated to adjust the association analysis. Bronchoalveolar lavage is commonly used to sample the lung in clinical practice and contains a mixture of different cell types that can vary in proportion across samples, affecting the overall methylation profile. A current barrier to the use of bronchoalveolar lavage in DNA methylation-based research is the lack of reference DNA methylation profiles for each of the constituent cell types, thus making reference-based cell composition estimation difficult. Herein, we use bronchoalveolar lavage samples collected from children with cystic fibrosis to define DNA methylation profiles for the four most common and clinically relevant cell types: alveolar macrophages, granulocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar epithelial cells. We then demonstrate the use of these methylation profiles in conjunction with an established reference-based methylation deconvolution method to estimate the cell type composition of two different tissue types; a publicly available dataset derived from artificial blood-based cell mixtures and further bronchoalveolar lavage samples. The reference DNA methylation profiles developed in this work can be used for future reference-based cell type composition estimation of bronchoalveolar lavage. This will facilitate the use of this tissue in studies examining the role of DNA methylation in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanthan Shanthikumar
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Respiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Shivanthan Shanthikumar,
| | - Melanie R. Neeland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath C. Ranganathan
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Respiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Computational Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of BioScience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jovana Maksimovic
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Respiratory Diseases, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Computational Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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6
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Sanders YY. New Clue: Prediction from Cell-Free DNA. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072307. [PMID: 32708076 PMCID: PMC7408910 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main challenge for a positive long-term outcome in lung transplantation is the lack of early detection for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). With advancements in technology, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in body fluids could be used as a marker for disease diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring response to treatment. A previous report from this journal found the joint assessment of cfDNA and CXCL10 from brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) could determine the subphenotypes of CLAD and predict lung transplant survival. This is an exciting attempt in monitoring the progress for lung transplant recipients. More studies and better understanding of cfDNA are needed to develop an accessible and reliable biomarker to monitor the progress of CLAD to improve the long-term survival for lung transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Sanders
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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7
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Martinu T, Koutsokera A, Benden C, Cantu E, Chambers D, Cypel M, Edelman J, Emtiazjoo A, Fisher AJ, Greenland JR, Hayes D, Hwang D, Keller BC, Lease ED, Perch M, Sato M, Todd JL, Verleden S, von der Thüsen J, Weigt SS, Keshavjee S. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus statement for the standardization of bronchoalveolar lavage in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 39:1171-1190. [PMID: 32773322 PMCID: PMC7361106 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a key clinical and research tool in lung transplantation (LTx). However, BAL collection and processing are not standardized across LTx centers. This International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation-supported consensus document on BAL standardization aims to clarify definitions and propose common approaches to improve clinical and research practice standards. The following 9 areas are covered: (1) bronchoscopy procedure and BAL collection, (2) sample handling, (3) sample processing for microbiology, (4) cytology, (5) research, (6) microbiome, (7) sample inventory/tracking, (8) donor bronchoscopy, and (9) pediatric considerations. This consensus document aims to harmonize clinical and research practices for BAL collection and processing in LTx. The overarching goal is to enhance standardization and multicenter collaboration within the international LTx community and enable improvement and development of new BAL-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Angela Koutsokera
- Lung Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lung Transplant Program, Division of Pulmonology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Edward Cantu
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Chambers
- Lung Transplant Program, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Lung Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Edelman
- Lung Transplant Program, Puget Sound VA Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amir Emtiazjoo
- Lung Transplant Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals and Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Don Hayes
- Lung Transplant Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Keller
- Lung Transplant Program, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erika D Lease
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Perch
- Lung Transplant Program, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jamie L Todd
- Lung Transplant Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stijn Verleden
- Laboratory of Pneumology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - S Samuel Weigt
- Lung Transplant Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Lung Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Schneeberger PHH, Prescod J, Levy L, Hwang D, Martinu T, Coburn B. Microbiota analysis optimization for human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:141. [PMID: 31665066 PMCID: PMC6821041 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now possible to comprehensively characterize the microbiota of the lungs using culture-independent, sequencing-based assays. Several sample types have been used to investigate the lung microbiota, each presenting specific challenges for preparation and analysis of microbial communities. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) enables the identification of microbiota specific to the lower lung but commonly has low bacterial density, increasing the risk of false-positive signal from contaminating DNA. The objectives of this study were to investigate the extent of contamination across a range of sample densities representative of BALF and identify features of contaminants that facilitate their removal from sequence data and aid in the interpretation of BALF sample 16S sequencing data. RESULTS Using three mock communities across a range of densities ranging from 8E+ 02 to 8E+ 09 16S copies/ml, we assessed taxonomic accuracy and precision by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the proportion of reads arising from contaminants. Sequencing accuracy, precision, and the relative abundance of mock community members decreased with sample input density, with a significant drop-off below 8E+ 05 16S copies/ml. Contaminant OTUs were commonly inversely correlated with sample input density or not reproduced between technical replicates. Removal of taxa with these features or physical concentration of samples prior to sequencing improved both sequencing accuracy and precision for samples between 8E+ 04 and 8E+ 06 16S copies/ml. For the lowest densities, below 8E+ 03 16S copies/ml BALF, accuracy and precision could not be significantly improved using these approaches. Using clinical BALF samples across a large density range, we observed that OTUs with features of contaminants identified in mock communities were also evident in low-density BALF samples. CONCLUSION Relative abundance data and community composition generated by 16S sequencing of BALF samples across the range of density commonly observed in this sample type should be interpreted in the context of input sample density and may be improved by simple pre- and post-sequencing steps for densities above 8E+ 04 16S copies/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre H. H. Schneeberger
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Janice Prescod
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liran Levy
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Hwang
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Speck NE, Probst-Müller E, Haile SR, Benden C, Kohler M, Huber LC, Robinson CA. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines are of minor value to diagnose complications following lung transplantation. Cytokine 2019; 125:154794. [PMID: 31400641 PMCID: PMC7128992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of acute cellular rejection (ACR) may improve long-term outcome for lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Cytokines have become valuable diagnostic tools in many medical fields. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokines is of unknown value to diagnose ACR and distinguish rejection from infection. We hypothesized that distinct cytokine patterns obtained by surveillance bronchoscopies during the first year after transplantation are associated with ACR and microbiologic findings. We retrospectively analyzed data from 319 patients undergoing lung transplantation at University Hospital Zurich from 1998 to 2016. We compared levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α in 747 BAL samples with transbronchial biopsies (TBB) and microbiologic results from surveillance bronchoscopies. We aimed to define reference values that would allow distinction between four specific groups “ACR”, “infection”, “combined ACR and infection” and “no pathologic process”. No definitive pattern was identified. Given the overlap between groups, these four cytokines are not suitable diagnostic markers for ACR or infection after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Speck
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Elisabeth Probst-Müller
- Clinic of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 23, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Department of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Benden
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lars C Huber
- Department of Internal Medicine, City Hospital Triemli, Birmensdorferstrasse 497, CH-8063 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Cécile A Robinson
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Lazarte J, Ma J, Martinu T, Levy L, Klement W, White M, Pelling J, Guan Z, Azad S, Tikkanen J, Rao V, Tomlinson G, Delgado D, Keshavjee S, Juvet SC. Donor human leukocyte antigen-G single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with post-lung transplant mortality. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02126-2018. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02126-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA that inhibits immune responses. Its expression is modified by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are associated with transplant outcomes. Our aim was to investigate the association of donor and recipient HLA-G SNPs with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and mortality after lung transplantation.In this single-centre study, we examined 11 HLA-G SNPs in 345 consecutive recipients and 297 donors of a first bilateral lung transplant. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model assessed associations of SNPs with death and CLAD. Transbronchial biopsies (TBBx) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were examined using quantitative PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence.Over a median of 4.75 years, 142 patients (41%) developed CLAD; 170 (49%) died. Multivariable analysis revealed donor SNP +3142 (GG+CG versus CC) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.12–2.84; p=0.015). In contrast, five donor SNPs, -201(CC), -716(TT), -56(CC), G*01:03(AA) and 14 bp INDEL, conferred reduced mortality risk. Specific donor–recipient SNP pairings reduced CLAD risk. Predominantly epithelial HLA-G expression was observed on TBBx without rejection. Soluble HLA-G was present in higher concentrations in the BAL samples of patients who later developed CLAD.Specific donor SNPs were associated with mortality risk after lung transplantation, while certain donor–recipient SNP pairings modulated CLAD risk. TBBx demonstrated predominantly epithelial, and therefore presumably donor-derived, HLA-G expression in keeping with these observations. This study is the first to demonstrate an effect of donor HLA-G SNPs on lung transplantation outcome.
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