1
|
Mazhar F, Faucon AL, Fu EL, Szummer KE, Mathisen J, Gerward S, Reuter SB, Marx N, Mehran R, Carrero JJ. Systemic inflammation and health outcomes in patients receiving treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2024:ehae557. [PMID: 39211962 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The burden and outcomes of inflammation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are not well defined beyond the controlled settings of trials and research cohorts. METHODS This was an observational study of ASCVD adults undergoing C-reactive protein testing in Stockholm's healthcare (2007-21). After excluding C-reactive protein tests associated with acute illness or medications/conditions that bias C-reactive protein interpretation, systemic inflammation was evaluated over a 3-month ascertainment window. Determinants of C-reactive protein ≥ 2 mg/L were explored with logistic regression. C-reactive protein categories were compared via negative-binomial/Cox regression for subsequent healthcare resource utilization and occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalization, and death. RESULTS A total of 84 399 ASCVD adults were included (46% female, mean age 71 years, 59% with C-reactive protein ≥ 2 mg/L). Female sex, older age, lower kidney function, albuminuria, diabetes, hypertension, and recent anaemia were associated with higher odds of C-reactive protein ≥ 2 mg/L. The use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, antiplatelets, and lipid-lowering therapy was associated with lower odds. Over a median of 6.4 years, compared with C-reactive protein < 2 mg/L, patients with C-reactive protein ≥ 2 mg/L had higher rates of hospitalizations, days spent in hospital, outpatient consultations, and dispensed medications (P < .05 for all). They also had a higher rate of major adverse cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-1.33], heart failure (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.20-1.30), and death (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.31-1.39). Results were consistent across subgroups and granular C-reactive protein categories and robust to the exclusion of extreme C-reactive protein values or early events. CONCLUSIONS Three in five adults with ASCVD have systemic inflammation, which is associated with excess healthcare resource utilization and increased rates of cardiovascular events and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Mazhar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Laure Faucon
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edouard L Fu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina E Szummer
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi J, Liu T, Liu C, Zhang H, Ruan G, Xie H, Lin S, Zheng X, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Li X, Liu X, Deng L, Shi HP. Remnant cholesterol is an effective biomarker for predicting survival in patients with breast cancer. Nutr J 2024; 23:45. [PMID: 38644466 PMCID: PMC11034071 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. The relationship between remnant cholesterol (RC) and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer has not been clearly reported. This study investigated the prognostic value of RC in predicting mortality in patients with breast cancer. METHODS This study prospectively analysed 709 women patients with breast cancer from the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers (INSCOC) project. Restricted cubic splines were used to analyse the dose-response relationship between RC and breast cancer mortality. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the overall survival of patients with breast cancer. A Cox regression analyses was performed to assess the independent association between RC and breast cancer mortality. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score was used to reduce confounding. Sensitivity analysis was performed after excluding patients with underlying diseases and survival times shorter than one year. RESULTS A linear dose-response relationship was identified between RC and the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with breast cancer (p = 0.036). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test showed that patients with high RC levels had poorer survival than those with low RC levels (p = 0.007). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that RC was an independent risk factor for mortality in women patients with breast cancer. IPTW-adjusted analyses and sensitivity analyses showed that CR remained a prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS RC is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, and patients with higher RC levels have poorer survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chenan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guotian Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Hailun Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Han-Ping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, 100038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agnello F, Ingala S, Laterra G, Scalia L, Barbanti M. Novel and Emerging LDL-C Lowering Strategies: A New Era of Dyslipidemia Management. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1251. [PMID: 38592091 PMCID: PMC10931739 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) represents a major global health challenge, significantly contributing to mortality rates. This chronic inflammatory condition affecting blood vessels is intricately linked to hypercholesterolemia, with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) recognized as a central and modifiable risk factor. The effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in mitigating ASCVD risk is well established, with studies revealing a substantial reduction in major ischemic events correlating with LDL-C reduction. While statins, often combined with ezetimibe, remain fundamental in dyslipidemia management, a significant proportion of patients on statin therapy continue to experience cardiovascular events. Recent pharmacological advancements, driven by a deeper understanding of atherogenesis, have unveiled novel therapeutic targets and potent drugs. Notably, agents like bempedoic acid and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (evolocumab, alirocumab, inclisiran) have emerged as effective options to intensify LLT and achieve LDL-C goals, addressing limitations associated with statins, such as myopathy. Molecular insights into alternative pathways have spurred the investigation of emerging agents, offering promising perspectives for novel medications with efficacy comparable to established treatments, associated with advantages in cost and administration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of lipid-lowering strategies, highlighting the progress made in addressing ASCVD risk and the potential of upcoming therapies to further optimize cardiovascular prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agnello
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Umberto I, ASP 4 di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (F.A.); (S.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Salvatore Ingala
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Umberto I, ASP 4 di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (F.A.); (S.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Giulia Laterra
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Umberto I, ASP 4 di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (F.A.); (S.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Scalia
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Umberto I, ASP 4 di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (F.A.); (S.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Marco Barbanti
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Umberto I, ASP 4 di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (F.A.); (S.I.); (L.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu L, Chen Y, Chen B, Xu M, Liu S, Su Y, Qiao K, Liu Z. Advances in Research on Marine-Derived Lipid-Lowering Active Substances and Their Molecular Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:5118. [PMID: 38140377 PMCID: PMC10745522 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is a metabolic disorder caused by abnormal lipid metabolism. Recently, the prevalence of HLP caused by poor dietary habits in the population has been increasing year by year. In addition, lipid-lowering drugs currently in clinical use have shown significant improvement in blood lipid levels, but are accompanied by certain side effects. However, bioactive marine substances have been shown to possess a variety of physiological activities such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antithrombotic and effects on blood pressure. Therefore, the hypolipidemic efficacy of marine bioactive substances with complex and diverse structures has also attracted attention. This paper focuses on the therapeutic role of marine-derived polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, and bioactive peptides in HLP, and briefly discusses the main mechanisms by which these substances exert their hypolipidemic activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.L.); (Y.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian and Taiwan Characteristic Marine Food Processing and Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.L.); (Y.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian and Taiwan Characteristic Marine Food Processing and Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Min Xu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shuji Liu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yongchang Su
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kun Qiao
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361013, China; (B.C.); (M.X.); (S.L.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Chen H, Guo S, Chen Z, Yang H, Liu Y, Chen X, Chen X, Du T, Long X, Zhao J, Guo M, Lao T, Huang D, Wang L, Chen J, Liu C. Psoriasis comorbid with atherosclerosis meets in lipid metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1308965. [PMID: 38149053 PMCID: PMC10750357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1308965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis (PSO) is a common skin disease affecting approximately 1%-3% of the population, and the incidence rate is increasing yearly. PSO is associated with a dramatically increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the most common of which is atherosclerosis (AS). In the past, inflammation was considered to be the triggering factor of the two comorbidities, but in recent years, studies have found that lipid metabolism disorders increase the probability of atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies, clinical treatment methods, risk factors, and lipid metabolism of psoriasis and atherosclerosis comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sien Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingli Guo
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianfeng Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - DongHui Huang
- Affiliated Zhuhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|