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Xu C, Xu S, Mai P, Tang J, Xu J, Zhang H. Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and abdominal aortic calcification in adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2431. [PMID: 39243068 PMCID: PMC11380399 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) index is an important marker of insulin resistance and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerotic disease. However, there are no studies that have examined the relationship between AIP index and AAC, so we investigated the potential association between them in the general population. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013-2014). The association of AIP with AAC was estimated by multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders, the odds of extensive AAC doubled per unit increase in the AIP index (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.83; P = 0.035). The multivariable OR and 95% CI of the highest AIP index tertile compared with the lowest tertile was significantly different. (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.83; P = 0.031). The subgroup analyses indicated that the association was consistent irrespective of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, eGFR and hypercholesteremia. CONCLUSIONS The AIP index was independently associated with the presence of extensive AAC in the study population. Further studies are required to confirm this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peibiao Mai
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanji Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong J, Jiang J, Guo L, Liu Y, Wu S, Peng X, Chen S, Qin X, Dong S, Huang R, Zheng W. 10-year trajectory of Life's Essential 8 and incident hypertension: a community-based cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:278. [PMID: 39223616 PMCID: PMC11368014 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of Life's Essential 8 (LE8) on chronic diseases have been disclosed, but its association with hypertension remains unknown. The current study aimed to explore the potential link between 10-year LE8 trajectory and the incidence of hypertension. METHODS LE8 was constructed from four behaviors and four metabolic factors, ranging from 0 to 100. Latent mixture models were used to identify trajectories of LE8 scores during 2006 to 2016. Incident hypertension was diagnosed based on self-reported clinical diagnoses and physical examinations from 2016 to 2020. Cox models were employed to assess the association of LE8 trajectories with hypertension. In addition to incorporating the mean hs-CRP levels from 2006 to 2016, age, sex, monthly income, educational level, and occupation at recruitment were adjusted for as confounding factors. RESULTS 7500 participants aged 40.28 ± 10.35 years were included in the study, of whom 2907 (38.76%) were women. Five LE8 trajectory patterns were identified. After around four-year follow-up, 667 hypertension events were observed. Compared to the Low-Stable trajectory, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the Moderate-Increasing, Moderate-Decreasing, Moderate-Stable, and High-Stable trajectories were 0.51 (0.40, 0.65), 0.81 (0.64, 1.02), 0.45 (0.36, 0.58), 0.23 (0.16, 0.33), respectively. The risk of incident hypertension decreased as participants improved their LE8 status. The robustness of the primary results was confirmed through several sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS LE8 trajectories were associated with the incident hypertension. People who improved their LE8 scores over time experienced a decreased risk of hypertension, even if they started with lower LE8 scores initially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 51900, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinguo Jiang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuchang, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, 430060, Wuchang, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, No.57 Xinhua East Road, 063000, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xinyi Peng
- Hypertension Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of China, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, No.57 Xinhua East Road, 063000, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xueying Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology), 518020, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruijun Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 51900, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 51900, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Gu X, Wang X, Wang S, Shen Y, Lu L. Nonlinear association between visceral adipose tissue area and remnant cholesterol in US adults: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:228. [PMID: 39054500 PMCID: PMC11270912 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with a spectrum of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Remnant cholesterol (RC), denoting cholesterol within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their metabolic byproducts, has been identified as a key contributor to cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. However, the association between the VAT and RC remains unclear. In this study, the objective is to provide new evidence regarding the association between VAT and RC concentrations. METHODS 4727 individuals aged 18-59 were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2011 and 2018 as study participants. This study utilized several weighted linear regression models and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) to explore the association and potential nonlinearities between VAT and RC. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine the consistency of findings. RESULTS The mean VAT value was 103.82 ± 1.42 cm2, and the median RC value was 18 mg/dl. VAT demonstrated a positive association with RC in a fully adjusted model, with a β and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.09 (0.08, 0.11) after adjustment for potential confounders. Analysis using RCS revealed a nonlinear association between the VAT area and RC (P < 0.001 for nonlinearity). Adjusted two-piecewise regression models demonstrated β coefficients of 0.13 (95%CI: 0.11 ~ 0.16, P < 0.001) for RC in individuals with VAT < 143 cm2, and 0.02 (95%CI: -0.01 ~ 0.06, P = 0.15) for those with VAT ≥ 143 cm2. Interactions were observed among the body mass index (BMI) subgroup; the β coefficients for RC were 0.14 (95%CI: 0.12 ~ 0.16) in those with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and 0.05 (95%CI:0.04 ~ 0.07) in those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, with a P-value of < 0.001 for interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a nonlinear association between VAT and RC in American adults. Reducing the VAT area may be beneficial in lowering RC concentration, particularly when VAT is < 143 cm2 and those with a BMI < 30 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Leiqun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen S, Tian X, Xu Q, Xia X, Wu S, Liu F, Wang A. Cumulative remnant cholesterol burden increases the risk of cardiovascular disease among young adults. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 94:127-136. [PMID: 38735386 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that remnant cholesterol (RC) was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged or older adults. However, lack of evidence on long-term exposures to RC and their role in CVD risk among young adults. We thus aimed to explore the association between cumulative RC burden and CVD in young adults. METHODS We enrolled participants younger than 45 years free of CVD history in the Kailuan Study who completed the first three health examinations from 2006 to 2010. Cumulative RC burden included cumulative RC burden score, time-weighted cumulative RC, exposure duration of high RC, and time course of RC accumulation. The outcome was the incidence of CVD. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between cumulative RC burden and CVD risk. RESULTS A total of 15,219 participants were included (73.70% male, median age 39.13 years). During a median follow-up duration of 8.71 years (interquartile range: 8.4-9.15 years), 502 individuals developed CVD. After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, highest risk of CVD was observed in participants with the highest cumulative RC burden score (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29-2.12), the highest quartile time-weighted cumulative RC (HR,1.50; 95% CI, 1.15-1.96), the longest exposure duration of high RC (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21-2.42), and those with cumulative RC burden and positive slope (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.35-2.36). CONCLUSIONS Cumulative RC burden increased the risk of CVD among young adults, suggesting that maintaining low RC levels throughout young adulthood may minimize CVD risk. KEY LEARNING POINTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Majiagou Hospital of Kailuan, Tangshan, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Trial, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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Cruz-Bautista I, Escamilla-Núñez C, Flores-Jurado Y, Rojas-Martínez R, Elías López D, Muñoz-Hernández L, Mehta R, Almeda-Valdes P, Del Razo-Olvera FM, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Soto-Mota A. Distribution of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants and their contribution to cardiovascular risk in the Mexican population. J Clin Lipidol 2024:S1933-2874(24)00185-5. [PMID: 38942690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In recent years, scientific interest in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and remnant cholesterol has increased, focusing on the evidence that these lipoproteins are a causal factor for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Furthermore, a high remnant concentration (>38 mg/dL) has been associated with several non-cardiovascular risks. We aimed in this study to describe the percentile distribution of remnant cholesterol. Additionally, we evaluated the association between remnant cholesterol plasma concentration and epidemiologically relevant cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and ASCVD. METHODS We analyzed data from 9,591 adults from the National Survey of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT) 2018 with fasting blood samples and complete medical history questionnaires. We built multivariate models to evaluate the association between chronic diseases and blood remnant concentration. To compare our 2018-sub-sample against a population reference, we used the NHANES (2005-2014) publicly available datasets by ethnicity. RESULTS Remnants were independently associated with cardiovascular risk, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. For all outcomes, the blood remnant concentration was a stronger predictor than LDL. At all deciles, the blood remnant concentration was higher in ENSANUT-2018. CONCLUSIONS A remnant blood concentration above 38 mg/dL was highly prevalent among Mexicans. Remnants were significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular risk. This association occurred independently of other lipid markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cruz-Bautista
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota); Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes)
| | - C Escamilla-Núñez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico (Drs Escamilla -Núñez, Rojas-Martínez)
| | - Y Flores-Jurado
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota)
| | - R Rojas-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico (Drs Escamilla -Núñez, Rojas-Martínez)
| | - D Elías López
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota)
| | - L Muñoz-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota)
| | - R Mehta
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota); Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes)
| | - P Almeda-Valdes
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota); Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes)
| | - F M Del Razo-Olvera
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota)
| | - C A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota); Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, México City, Mexico (Drs Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota)
| | - A Soto-Mota
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico (Drs Cruz-Bautista, Flores Yuscely, Elías López, Muñoz-Hernández, Mehta, Almeda-Valdes, Del Razo-Olvera, Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota); Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, México City, Mexico (Drs Aguilar-Salinas, Soto-Mota).
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Wang S, Zhang Q, Qin B. Association between remnant cholesterol and insulin resistance levels in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4596. [PMID: 38409335 PMCID: PMC10897142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between remnant cholesterol (RC) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the context of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains an area of ambiguity. This investigation was designed to elucidate the potential association between RC and HOMA-IR in a cohort of American adults diagnosed with MAFLD. Data from 5533 participants were procured from the 2017-2018 US National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) databases. A weighted linear regression model was employed to analyze the association between RC and HOMA-IR in the context of MAFLD. Preliminary analysis revealed that 44.67% of the participants were diagnosed with MAFLD, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals aged 50-64 years (31.84%, p < 0.0001) and in males compared to females (53.48% vs. 46.52%, p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was identified between RC and HOMA-IR in MAFLD patients. The threshold effect analysis model indicated a breakpoint at RC = 30 mg/dl, with a more pronounced positive correlation when RC < 30 mg/dl (β = 0.17, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis further demonstrated that among all lipid parameters, RC exhibited the largest area under the curve. The study findings suggest a positive correlation between RC and HOMA-IR in MAFLD patients, indicating that elevated RC may serve as an independent risk factor for MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Changshou, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhao M, Xiao M, Tan Q, Ji J, Lu F. Cumulative residual cholesterol predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population aged 45 years and older. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:19. [PMID: 38243226 PMCID: PMC10797780 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-02000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have affirmed a robust correlation between residual cholesterol (RC) and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the current body of literature fails to adequately address the link between alterations in RC and the occurrence of CVD. Existing studies have focused mainly on individual RC values. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to elucidate the association between the cumulative RC (Cum-RC) and the morbidity of CVD. METHODS The changes in RC were categorized into a high-level fast-growth group (Class 1) and a low-level slow-growth group (Class 2) by K-means cluster analysis. To investigate the relationship between combined exposure to multiple lipids and CVD risk, a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analysis was employed. This analysis involved the calculation of weights for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which were used to effectively elucidate the RC. RESULTS Among the cohort of 5,372 research participants, a considerable proportion of 45.94% consisted of males, with a median age of 58. In the three years of follow-up, 669 participants (12.45%) had CVD. Logistic regression analysis revealed that Class 2 individuals had a significantly reduced risk of developing CVD compared to Class 1. The probability of having CVD increased by 13% for every 1-unit increase in the Cum-RC according to the analysis of continuous variables. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis showed that Cum-RC and CVD risk were linearly related (P for nonlinearity = 0.679). The WQS regression results showed a nonsignificant trend toward an association between the WQS index and CVD incidence but an overall positive trend, with the greatest contribution from TC (weight = 0.652), followed by LDL (weight = 0.348). CONCLUSION Cum-RC was positively and strongly related to CVD risk, suggesting that in addition to focusing on traditional lipid markers, early intervention in patients with increased RC may further reduce the incidence of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mengli Xiao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qin Tan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jinjin Ji
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100091, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China.
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