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Shen W, Li L, Liu QH, Cui JM, Shi W, Shi XH, Zhang XQ, Ye WC, Hu XL, Wang H. Characteristic chromanone acids from Calophyllum membranaceum: Determination of C-3 configuration and anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113902. [PMID: 37907158 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
One undescribed homologous furanochromanone (1) featuring a 6/6/5/3 tetracyclic skeleton and four highly oxidized pyranochromanones (2-5), along with a set of four pyranochromanone stereoisomers [(±)-6a and (±)-6b], were isolated from the leaves of Calophyllum membranaceum Gardn. Et Champ. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic data, Snatzke's method, quantum-chemical calculations, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The correlation of characteristic Cotton effects and specific chemical shifts with C-3 configuration provided a convenient approach to assign the C-3 configuration of 2,3-dimethylchromanones. The stereochemical assignments of 3-OH substituted pyranochromanones by quantum-based NMR methods following single/double MTPA derivatization were consistent with the ECD/NMR prediction, which verified the feasibility and reliability of the proposed empirical rule. The underlying mechanism was further clarified by conformational and molecular orbital analyses. Moreover, biological evaluation and binding assays demonstrated that compound 3 (KD = 0.45 μM) tightly binds to the TLR4-MD2 target, thereby inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88-dependent and -independent signal pathways. This study provides the first evidence that Calophyllum chromanones are a novel structural type of TLR4 inhibitors, exerting their anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting the binding between TLR4 and MD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hong Shi
- Department of Chinese Medicine Preparations, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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LIU S, YU B, DAI J, CHEN R. Targeting the biological activity and biosynthesis of hyperforin: a mini-review. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:721-728. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ramabulana T, Ndlovu M, Mosa RA, Sonopo MS, Selepe MA. Phytochemical Profiling and Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Leucosidea sericea (Rosaceae). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11964-11972. [PMID: 35449904 PMCID: PMC9016878 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the study, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry analysis of Leucosidea sericea leaf and stem extracts led to the identification of various classes of compounds. Further chromatographic purifications resulted in the isolation of 22 compounds that consisted of a new triterpenoid named leucosidic acid A (1), an acetophenone derivative 2, a phloroglucinol derivative 3, three chromones 4-6, seven pentacyclic triterpenoids 7-13, a phytosterol glucoside 14, a flavonoid 15, and seven flavonoid glycosides 16-22. Nineteen of these compounds including the previously undescribed triterpenoid 1 are isolated for the first time from L. sericea. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned based on their high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data. Some of the isolated triterpenoids were evaluated for inhibitory activity against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. Of the tested compounds, 1-hydroxy-2-oxopomolic acid (7) and pomolic acid (13) showed higher potency on α-glucosidase than acarbose, which is used as a positive control in this study. The two compounds inhibited α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 192.1 ± 13.81 and 85.5 ± 6.87 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshifhiwa Ramabulana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Ndlovu
- Department
of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Rebamang A. Mosa
- Department
of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Molahlehi S. Sonopo
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Limited, Pelindaba, Brits 0240, South Africa
| | - Mamoalosi A. Selepe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Seo SO, Jin YS. Next-Generation Genetic and Fermentation Technologies for Safe and Sustainable Production of Food Ingredients: Colors and Flavorings. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2022; 13:463-488. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-012228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A growing human population is a significant issue in food security owing to the limited land and resources available for agricultural food production. To solve these problems, sustainable food manufacturing processes and the development of alternative foods and ingredients are needed. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can help solve the food security issue and satisfy the demand for alternative food production. Bioproduction of food ingredients by microbial fermentation is a promising method to replace current manufacturing processes, such as extraction from natural materials and chemical synthesis, with more ecofriendly and sustainable operations. This review highlights successful examples of bioproduction for food additives by engineered microorganisms, with an emphasis on colorants and flavors that are extensively used in the food industry. Recent strain engineering developments and fermentation strategies for producing selected food colorants and flavors are introduced with discussions on the current status and future perspectives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Oh Seo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Hong K, Wang L, Johnpaul A, Lv C, Ma C. Key Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of Hops Phytochemical Compounds: From Structure, Functions to Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9373. [PMID: 34502286 PMCID: PMC8430942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humulus lupulus L. is an essential source of aroma compounds, hop bitter acids, and xanthohumol derivatives mainly exploited as flavourings in beer brewing and with demonstrated potential for the treatment of certain diseases. To acquire a comprehensive understanding of the biosynthesis of these compounds, the primary enzymes involved in the three major pathways of hops' phytochemical composition are herein critically summarized. Hops' phytochemical components impart bitterness, aroma, and antioxidant activity to beers. The biosynthesis pathways have been extensively studied and enzymes play essential roles in the processes. Here, we introduced the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of hop bitter acids, monoterpenes and xanthohumol derivatives, including the branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT), branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), carboxyl CoA ligase (CCL), valerophenone synthase (VPS), prenyltransferase (PT), 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR), Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), monoterpene synthase enzymes (MTS), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), chalcone synthase (CHS_H1), chalcone isomerase (CHI)-like proteins (CHIL), and O-methyltransferase (OMT1). Furthermore, research advancements of each enzyme in terms of reaction conditions, substrate recognition, enzyme structures, and use in engineered microbes are described in depth. Hence, an extensive review of the key enzymes involved in the phytochemical compounds of hops will provide fundamentals for their applications in beer production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chenyan Lv
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.H.); (L.W.); (A.J.)
| | - Changwei Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua Donglu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; (K.H.); (L.W.); (A.J.)
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Zhang G, Zhang N, Yang A, Huang J, Ren X, Xian M, Zou H. Hop bitter acids: resources, biosynthesis, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4343-4356. [PMID: 34021813 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diversified members of hop bitter acids (α- and β-acids) have been found in hop (Humulus lupulus). Mixtures of hop bitter acids have been traditionally applied in brewing and food industries as bitterness flavors or food additives. Recent studies have discovered novel applications of hop bitter acids and their derivatives in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields. The increasing demands of purified hop bitter acid promoted biosynthesis efforts for the heterologous biosynthesis of objective hop bitter acids by engineered microbial factories. In this study, the updated information of hop bitter acids and their representative application in brewing, food, and medicine fields are reviewed. We also speculate future trends on the development of robust microbial cell factories and biotechnologies for the biosynthesis of hop bitter acids. KEY POINTS: • Structures and applications of hop bitter acids are summarized in this study. • Biosynthesis of hop bitter acids remains challenging. • We discuss potential strategies in the microbial production of hop bitter acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Anran Yang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jingling Huang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xueni Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huibin Zou
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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7
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Rizzo P, Altschmied L, Ravindran BM, Rutten T, D’Auria JC. The Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds in Hypericum Perforatum L., One of the Largest Medicinal Crops in Europe. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1210. [PMID: 33081197 PMCID: PMC7602838 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. commonly known as Saint John's Wort (SJW), is an important medicinal plant that has been used for more than 2000 years. Although H. perforatum produces several bioactive compounds, its importance is mainly linked to two molecules highly relevant for the pharmaceutical industry: the prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin and the naphtodianthrone hypericin. The first functions as a natural antidepressant while the second is regarded as a powerful anticancer drug and as a useful compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While the antidepressant activity of SJW extracts motivate a multi-billion dollar industry around the world, the scientific interest centers around the biosynthetic pathways of hyperforin and hypericin and their medical applications. Here, we focus on what is known about these processes and evaluate the possibilities of combining state of the art omics, genome editing, and synthetic biology to unlock applications that would be of great value for the pharmaceutical and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John C. D’Auria
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (P.R.); (L.A.); (B.M.R.); (T.R.)
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Tan Z, Clomburg JM, Cheong S, Qian S, Gonzalez R. A polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase-dependent pathway for the synthesis of polyketide backbones. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jaidee W, Andersen RJ, Patrick BO, Pyne SG, Muanprasat C, Borwornpinyo S, Laphookhieo S. Alkaloids and styryllactones from Goniothalamus cheliensis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:8-20. [PMID: 30352328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eight previously undescribed compounds, including four alkaloids and five styryllactones together with 36 known compounds were isolated from the twig and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus cheliensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of (-)-(4S,5S,6R,7S,8S)-goniochelienlactone and (-)-(4S,5S,6R,7S,8S)-7-acetylgoniochelienlactone were established from single crystal X-ray analysis using Cu Kα radiation. The absolute configurations of the other related compounds were identified by comparisons of their ECD spectra with those of related known compounds. Most of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against human colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116). Griffithazanone A was the most potent with an IC50 value of 2.39 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuttichai Jaidee
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Surat Laphookhieo
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
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Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Actinomycetes: Isolation, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 108 2019; 108:207-296. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01099-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Parvez A, Giri S, Bisht R, Saxena P. New Insights on Cyclization Specificity of Fungal Type III Polyketide Synthase, PKSIII Nc in Neurospora crassa. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:268-277. [PMID: 30013270 PMCID: PMC6023819 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) biosynthesize varied classes of metabolites with diverse bio-functionalities. Inherent promiscuous substrate specificity, multiple elongations of reaction intermediates and several modes of ring-closure, confer the proteins with the ability to generate unique scaffolds from limited substrate pools. Structural studies have identified crucial amino acid residues that dictate type III PKS functioning, though cyclization specific residues need further investigation. PKSIIINc, a functionally and structurally characterized type III PKS from the fungus, Neurospora crassa, is known to biosynthesize alkyl-resorcinol, alkyl-triketide- and alkyl-tetraketide-α-pyrone products. In this study, we attempted to identify residue positions governing cyclization specificity in PKSIIINc through comparative structural analysis. Structural comparisons with other type III PKSs revealed a motif with conserved hydroxyl/thiol groups that could dictate PKSIIINc catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis of Cys120 and Ser186 to Ser and Cys, respectively, altered product profiles of mutant proteins. While both C120S and S186C proteins retained wild-type PKSIIINc product activity, S186C favoured lactonization and yielded higher amounts of the α-pyrone products. Notably, C120S gained new cyclization capability and biosynthesized acyl-phloroglucinol in addition to wild-type PKSIIINc products. Generation of alkyl-resorcinol and acyl-phloroglucinol by a single protein is a unique observation in fungal type III PKS family. Mutation of Cys120 to bulky Phe side-chain abrogated formation of tetraketide products and adversely affected overall protein stability as revealed by molecular dynamics simulation studies. Our investigations identify residue positions governing cyclization programming in PKSIIINc protein and provide insights on how subtle variations in protein cores dictate product profiles in type III PKS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreesh Parvez
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Samir Giri
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
- Present Address: Department of Ecology, School of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49076 Germany
| | - Renu Bisht
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Priti Saxena
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Tan Z, Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R. Synthetic Pathway for the Production of Olivetolic Acid in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1886-1896. [PMID: 29976061 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKS IIIs) contribute to the synthesis of many economically important natural products, most of which are currently produced by direct extraction from plants or through chemical synthesis. Olivetolic acid (OLA) is a plant secondary metabolite sourced from PKS III catalysis, which along with its prenylated derivatives has various pharmacological activities. To demonstrate the potential for microbial cell factories to circumvent limitations of plant extraction or chemical synthesis for OLA, here we utilize a synthetic approach to engineer Escherichia coli for the production of OLA. In vitro characterization of polyketide synthase and cyclase enzymes, OLA synthase and OLA cyclase, respectively, validated their requirement as enzymatic components of the OLA pathway and confirmed the ability for these eukaryotic enzymes to be functionally expressed in E. coli. This served as a platform for the combinatorial expression of these enzymes with auxiliary enzymes aimed at increasing the supply of hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as starting and extender units, respectively. Through combining OLA synthase and OLA cyclase expression with the required modules of a β-oxidation reversal for hexanoyl-CoA generation, we demonstrate the in vivo synthesis of olivetolic acid from a single carbon source. The integration of additional auxiliary enzymes to increase hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, along with evaluation of varying fermentation conditions enabled the synthesis of 80 mg/L OLA. This is the first report of OLA production in E. coli, adding a new example to the repertoire of valuable compounds synthesized in this industrial workhorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigao Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James M. Clomburg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Avermectin biosynthesis: stable functional expression of branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex from Streptomyces avermitilis in Escherichia coli by selectively regulating individual subunit gene expression. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1567-1574. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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