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Wang J, Yu X, Wang K, Lin L, Liu HH, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Reprogramming the fatty acid metabolism of Yarrowia lipolytica to produce the customized omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 383:129231. [PMID: 37244310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFAs), such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), are indispensable nutrients for human health. Harnessing the lipogenesis pathway of Yarrowia lipolytica creates a potential platform for producing customized ω6-PUFAs. This study explored the optimal biosynthetic pathways for customized production of ω6-PUFAs in Y. lipolytica via either the Δ6 pathway from Mortierella alpina or the Δ8 pathway from Isochrysis galbana. Subsequently, the proportion of ω6-PUFAs in total fatty acids (TFAs) was effectively increased by bolstering the provision of precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis and carriers for fatty acid desaturation, as well as preventing fatty acid degradation. Finally, the proportions of GLA, DGLA and ARA synthesized by customized strains accounted for 22.58%, 46.65% and 11.30% of TFAs, and the corresponding titers reached 386.59, 832.00 and 191.76 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation, respectively. This work provides valuable insights into the production of functional ω6-PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu-Hu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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Awasthi MK, Kumar V, Hellwig C, Wikandari R, Harirchi S, Sar T, Wainaina S, Sindhu R, Binod P, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. Filamentous fungi for sustainable vegan food production systems within a circular economy: Present status and future prospects. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112318. [PMID: 36737911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi serve as potential candidates in the production of different value-added products. In the context of food, there are several advantages of using filamentous fungi for food. Among the main advantages is that the fungal biomass used food not only meets basic nutritional requirements but that it is also rich in protein, low in fat, and free of cholesterol. This speaks to the potential of filamentous fungi in the production of food that can substitute animal-derived protein sources such as meat. Moreover, life-cycle analyses and techno-economic analyses reveal that fungal proteins perform better than animal-derived proteins in terms of land use efficiency as well as global warming. The present article provides an overview of the potential of filamentous fungi as a source of food and food supplements. The commercialization potential as well as social, legal and safety issues of fungi-based food products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam 602105, India
| | - Coralie Hellwig
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Rachma Wikandari
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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Wang X, Yang J, Mohamed H, Shah AM, Li S, Pang S, Wu C, Xue F, Shi W, Sadaqat B, Song Y. Simultaneous overexpression of ∆6-, ∆12- and ∆9-desaturases enhanced the production of γ-linolenic acid in Mucor circinelloides WJ11. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1078157. [PMID: 36590442 PMCID: PMC9797528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1078157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides WJ11, an oleaginous filamentous fungus, produces 36% lipid of its cell dry weight when cultured in a high C/N ratio medium, however, the yield of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) is insufficient to make it competitive with other plant sources. To increase the GLA content in M. circinelloides WJ11, this fungus was engineered by overexpression of its key genes such as Δ6-, Δ12-, and Δ9-desaturases involved in GLA production. Firstly, we tried to overexpress two Δ6-desaturase isozymes to determine which one played important role in GLA synthesis. Secondly, Δ6-and Δ12-desaturase were co-overexpressed to check whether linoleic acid (LA), the precursor for GLA synthesis, is a limiting factor or not. Moreover, we tried to explore the effects of simultaneous overexpression of Δ6-, Δ12-, and Δ9-desaturases on GLA production. Our results showed that overexpression (1 gene) of DES61 promoted higher GLA content (21% of total fatty acids) while co-overexpressing (2 genes) DES61 and DES12 and simultaneous overexpressing (3 genes) DES61, DES12, and DES91 increased the GLA production of engineered strains by 1.5 folds and 1.9 folds compared to the control strain, respectively. This study provided more insights into GLA biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi and laid a foundation for further increase in GLA production into fungus such as M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Food Science and Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shuxian Pang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Futing Xue
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wenyue Shi
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Beenish Sadaqat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China,*Correspondence: Yuanda Song,
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4
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Li YW, Guo Q, Peng QQ, Shen Q, Nie ZK, Ye C, Shi TQ. Recent Development of Advanced Biotechnology in the Oleaginous Fungi for Arachidonic Acid Production. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3163-3173. [PMID: 36221956 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is an essential ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, which plays a significant role in cardiovascular health and neurological development, leading to its wide use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Traditionally, ARA is obtained from deep-sea fish oil. However, this source is limited by season and is depleting the already threatened global fish stocks. With the rapid development of synthetic biology in recent years, oleaginous fungi have gradually attracted increasing attention as promising microbial sources for large-scale ARA production. Numerous advanced technologies including metabolic engineering, dynamic regulation of fermentation conditions, and multiomics analysis were successfully adapted to increase ARA synthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the bioengineering of oleaginous fungi for ARA production. Finally, perspectives for future engineering approaches are proposed to further improve the titer yield and productivity of ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Guo
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Peng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kui Nie
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi New Reyphon Biochemical Co., Ltd, Salt & Chemical Industry, Xingan, Jiangxi 331399, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
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5
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Xin F, Wang R, Chang Y, Gao M, Xie Z, Yang W, Chen M, Zhang H, Song Y. Homologous Overexpression of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11 Enhances Lipid Accumulation under Static Solid Cultivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9073-9083. [PMID: 35844180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the binding of acyl-CoA to diacylglycerol to form triacylglycerol (TAG). Previous studies strongly indicate that DGAT2, rather than DGAT1, is crucial for TAG accumulation in the oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides. To increase the lipid content of M. circinelloides WJ11, McDGAT2 was overexpressed by homologous recombination; compared to the control strain Mc2075, transformants McDGAT2d showed a significant increase in biomass for both spores and mycelia (from 87.7 to 101.2 mg/g in spores and from 75.6 to 93.1 mg/g in mycelia). McDGAT2 overexpression under static solid fermentation gave a greater boost to lipid accumulation in mycelia than in spores. Total fatty acid content in mycelia increased by 68.0% (from 13.6 to 22.8%) and in spores by 26.3% (from 10.6 to 13.4%). However, under submerged fermentation, the lipid content of McDGAT2d was the same as the control, while biomass was slightly reduced. Transcriptomics showed that NADPH was derived mainly from the pentose phosphate pathway, acetyl-CoA was from multiple pathways, and leucine metabolism played an important role in substrate supply for fatty acid biosynthesis. Static solid fermentation may be the more suitable fermentation method for microbial oil production by filamentous fungi due to its lower fermentation costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xin
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Chang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhike Xie
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Mohamed H, Awad MF, Shah AM, Nazir Y, Naz T, Hassane A, Nosheen S, Song Y. Evaluation of Different Standard Amino Acids to Enhance the Biomass, Lipid, Fatty Acid, and γ-Linolenic Acid Production in Rhizomucor pusillus and Mucor circinelloides. Front Nutr 2022; 9:876817. [PMID: 35592629 PMCID: PMC9112836 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.876817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 18 standard amino acids were tested as a single nitrogen source on biomass, total lipid, total fatty acid (TFA) production, and yield of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) in Rhizomucor pusillus AUMC 11616.A and Mucor circinelloides AUMC 6696.A isolated from unusual habitats. Grown for 4 days at 28°C, shaking at 150 rpm, the maximum fungal biomass for AUMC 6696.A was 14.6 ± 0.2 g/L with arginine and 13.68 ± 0.1 g/L with asparagine, when these amino acids were used as single nitrogen sources, while AUMC 11616.A maximum biomass was 10.73 ± 0.8 g/L with glycine and 9.44 ± 0.6 g/L with valine. These were significantly higher than the ammonium nitrate control (p < 0.05). The highest levels of TFA were achieved with glycine for AUMC 11616.A, 26.2 ± 0.8% w/w of cell dry weight, and glutamic acid for AUMC 6696.A, 23.1 ± 1.3%. The highest GLA yield was seen with proline for AUMC 11616.A, 13.4 ± 0.6% w/w of TFA, and tryptophan for AUMC 6696.A, 12.8 ± 0.3%, which were 38% and 25% higher than the ammonium tartrate control. The effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, fermentation time, and agitation speed on biomass, total lipids, TFA, and GLA concentration of the target strains have also been investigated. Our results demonstrated that nitrogen assimilation through amino acid metabolism, as well as the use of glucose as a carbon source and abiotic factors, are integral to increasing the oleaginicity of tested strains. Few studies have addressed the role of amino acids in fermentation media, and this study sheds light on R. pusillus and M. circinelloides as promising candidates for the potential applications of amino acids as nitrogen sources in the production of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hassan Mohamed,
| | - Mohamed F. Awad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Abdallah Hassane
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Shaista Nosheen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Yuanda Song,
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7
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Genetic Manipulation in Mucorales and New Developments to Study Mucormycosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073454. [PMID: 35408814 PMCID: PMC8998210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the Mucoralean fungi physiology is a neglected field that the lack of effective genetic tools has hampered in the past. However, the emerging fungal infection caused by these fungi, known as mucormycosis, has prompted many researchers to study the pathogenic potential of Mucorales. The main reasons for this current attraction to study mucormycosis are its high lethality, the lack of effective antifungal drugs, and its recent increased incidence. The most contemporary example of the emergence character of mucormycosis is the epidemics declared in several Asian countries as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fortunately, this pressure to understand mucormycosis and develop new treatment strategies has encouraged the blossoming of new genetic techniques and methodologies. This review describes the history of genetic manipulation in Mucorales, highlighting the development of methods and how they allowed the main genetic studies in these fungi. Moreover, we have emphasized the recent development of new genetic models to study mucormycosis, a landmark in the field that will configure future research related to this disease.
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Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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9
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Recent trends in the field of lipid engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Fazili ABA, Shah AM, Zan X, Naz T, Nosheen S, Nazir Y, Ullah S, Zhang H, Song Y. Mucor circinelloides: a model organism for oleaginous fungi and its potential applications in bioactive lipid production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:29. [PMID: 35227264 PMCID: PMC8883733 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils have gained massive attention because of their significant role in industrial applications. Currently plants and animals are the chief sources of medically and nutritionally important fatty acids. However, the ever-increasing global demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) cannot be met by the existing sources. Therefore microbes, especially fungi, represent an important alternative source of microbial oils being investigated. Mucor circinelloides—an oleaginous filamentous fungus, came to the forefront because of its high efficiency in synthesizing and accumulating lipids, like γ-linolenic acid (GLA) in high quantity. Recently, mycelium of M. circinelloides has acquired substantial attraction towards it as it has been suggested as a convenient raw material source for the generation of biodiesel via lipid transformation. Although M. circinelloides accumulates lipids naturally, metabolic engineering is found to be important for substantial increase in their yields. Both modifications of existing pathways and re-formation of biosynthetic pathways in M. circinelloides have shown the potential to improve lipid levels. In this review, recent advances in various important metabolic aspects of M. circinelloides have been discussed. Furthermore, the potential applications of M. circinelloides in the fields of antioxidants, nutraceuticals, bioremediation, ethanol production, and carotenoids like beta carotene and astaxanthin having significant nutritional value are also deliberated.
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11
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Recent Molecular Tools for the Genetic Manipulation of Highly Industrially Important Mucoromycota Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121061. [PMID: 34947043 PMCID: PMC8705501 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucorales is the largest and most well-studied order of the phylum Mucormycota and is known for its rapid growth rate and various industrial applications. The Mucorales fungi are a fascinating group of filamentous organisms with many uses in research and the industrial and medical fields. They are widely used biotechnological producers of various secondary metabolites and other value-added products. Certain members of Mucorales are extensively used as model organisms for genetic and molecular investigation and have extended our understanding of the metabolisms of other members of this order as well. Compared with other fungal species, our understanding of Mucoralean fungi is still in its infancy, which could be linked to their lack of effective genetic tools. However, recent advancements in molecular tools and approaches, such as the construction of recyclable markers, silencing vectors, and the CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-editing system, have helped us to modify the genomes of these model organisms. Multiple genetic modifications have been shown to generate valuable products on a large scale and helped us to understand the morphogenesis, basic biology, pathogenesis, and host–pathogen interactions of Mucoralean fungi. In this review, we discuss various conventional and modern genetic tools and approaches used for efficient gene modification in industrially important members of Mucorales.
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12
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Naz T, Yang J, Nosheen S, Sun C, Nazir Y, Mohamed H, Fazili ABA, Ullah S, Li S, Yang W, Garre V, Song Y. Genetic Modification of Mucor circinelloides for Canthaxanthin Production by Heterologous Expression of β-carotene Ketolase Gene. Front Nutr 2021; 8:756218. [PMID: 34722614 PMCID: PMC8548569 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.756218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canthaxanthin is a reddish-orange xanthophyll with strong antioxidant activity and higher bioavailability than carotenes, primarily used in food, cosmetics, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The spiking market for natural canthaxanthin promoted researchers toward genetic engineering of heterologous hosts for canthaxanthin production. Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic fungus that produces β-carotene as the major carotenoid and is considered as a model organism for carotenogenic studies. In this study, canthaxanthin-producing M. circinelloides strain was developed by integrating the codon-optimized β-carotene ketolase gene (bkt) of the Haematococcus pluvialis into the genome of the fungus under the control of strong promoter zrt1. First, a basic plasmid was constructed to disrupt crgA gene, a negative regulator of carotene biosynthesis resulted in substantial β-carotene production, which served as the building block for canthaxanthin by further enzymatic reaction of the ketolase enzyme. The genetically engineered strain produced a significant amount (576 ± 28 μg/g) of canthaxanthin, which is the highest amount reported in Mucor to date. Moreover, the cell dry weight of the recombinant strain was also determined, producing up to more than 9.0 g/L, after 96 h. The mRNA expression level of bkt in the overexpressing strain was analyzed by RT-qPCR, which increased by 5.3-, 4.1-, and 3-folds at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, compared with the control strain. The canthaxanthin-producing M. circinelloides strain obtained in this study provided a basis for further improving the biotechnological production of canthaxanthin and suggested a useful approach for the construction of more valuable carotenoids, such as astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shaista Nosheen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Caili Sun
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abu Bakr Ahmad Fazili
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departamento de Genética y Microbiología (Unidad asociada al Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQFR-CSIC)), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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Yang J, Cánovas-Márquez JT, Li P, Li S, Niu J, Wang X, Nazir Y, López-García S, Garre V, Song Y. Deletion of Plasma Membrane Malate Transporters Increased Lipid Accumulation in the Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9632-9641. [PMID: 34428900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Malate as an important intermediate metabolite, its subcellular location, and concentration have a significant impact on fungal lipid metabolism. Previous studies showed that the mitochondrial malate transporter plays an important role in lipid accumulation in Mucor circinelloides by manipulating intracellular malate concentration. However, the role of plasma membrane malate transporters in oleaginous fungi remains unexplored. Therefore, in this work, two plasma membrane malate transporters "2-oxoglutarate:malate antiporters" (named SoDIT-a and SoDIT-b) of M. circinelloides WJ11 were deleted, and the consequences in growth capacity, lipid accumulation, and metabolism were analyzed. The results showed that deletion of sodit-a or/and sodit-b reduced the extracellular malate, confirming that the products of both genes participate in malate transportation. In parallel, the lipid contents in mutants increased approximately 10-40% higher than that in the control strain, suggesting that the defect in plasma membrane malate transport results in an increase of malate available for lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis showed that the expression levels of multiple key genes involved in the lipid biosynthesis were also increased in the knockout mutants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrated the association between plasma membrane malate transporters and lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuan Yang
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - José T Cánovas-Márquez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology (Associated Unit to IQFR-CSIC), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Niu
- Guangdong Zhengbang Ecological Breeding Co. Ltd, Yingde 513000 Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sergio López-García
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology (Associated Unit to IQFR-CSIC), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology (Associated Unit to IQFR-CSIC), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 3100, Spain
| | - Yuanda Song
- Department of Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000 Shandong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Mass spore production of Mucor circinelloides on rice. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:311. [PMID: 34109096 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a fungus that produces diverse spores throughout its life cycle. The sporangiospores, which are the most well-studied spores in this fungus, are asexual spores produced during aerial mycelial development. M. circinelloides has the potential to be used in diverse biotechnological applications. In this study, we propose rice (Oryza sativa) grains as an alternative substrate for inexpensive and large-scale sporangiospore production. The sporangiospores produced from rice and a yeast extract-peptone-glucose (YPG) medium exhibited similar protein and nucleic acid contents and phenotypes in terms of germination under different conditions and culture media, including similar virulence rates against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Transgenic strains carrying self-replicative plasmids were sporulated on rice and showed plasmid stability similar to that of spores produced on the YPG medium. Approximately 20% of the spore population lost plasmids after the first passage on rice. These results reveal that rice is a suitable substrate for the mass production of sporangiospores in M. circinelloides. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02853-1.
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Role of Snf-β in lipid accumulation in the high lipid-producing fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:52. [PMID: 33639948 PMCID: PMC7916304 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucor circinelloides WJ11 is a high-lipid producing strain and an excellent producer of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) which is crucial for human health. We have previously identified genes that encode for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex in M. circinelloides which is an important regulator for lipid accumulation. Comparative transcriptional analysis between the high and low lipid-producing strains of M. circinelloides showed a direct correlation in the transcriptional level of AMPK genes with lipid metabolism. Thus, the role of Snf-β, which encodes for β subunit of AMPK complex, in lipid accumulation of the WJ11 strain was evaluated in the present study. Results The results showed that lipid content of cell dry weight in Snf-β knockout strain was increased by 32 % (from 19 to 25 %). However, in Snf-β overexpressing strain, lipid content of cell dry weight was decreased about 25 % (from 19 to 14.2 %) compared to the control strain. Total fatty acid analysis revealed that the expression of the Snf-β gene did not significantly affect the fatty acid composition of the strains. However, GLA content in biomass was increased from 2.5 % in control strain to 3.3 % in Snf-β knockout strain due to increased lipid accumulation and decreased to 1.83 % in Snf-β overexpressing strain. AMPK is known to inactivate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in lipid synthesis. Snf-β manipulation also altered the expression level of the ACC1 gene which may indicate that Snf-β control lipid metabolism by regulating ACC1 gene. Conclusions Our results suggested that Snf-β gene plays an important role in regulating lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides WJ11. Moreover, it will be interesting to evaluate the potential of other key subunits of AMPK related to lipid metabolism. Better insight can show us the way to manipulate these subunits effectively for upscaling the lipid production. Up to our knowledge, it is the first study to investigate the role of Snf-β in lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides.
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Jovanovic S, Dietrich D, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids - high-value ingredients for aquafeed, superfoods, and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:199-211. [PMID: 33540327 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received worldwide attention in recent years due to an increasing awareness of their uniqueness in improving diet and human health and their apparently inevitable shortage in global availability. Microbial cell factories are a major solution to supplying these precious molecules in sufficient amounts and providing PUFA-rich aquafeed, superfoods, and medical formulations. This review assesses the PUFA world markets and highlights recent advances in upgrading and streamlining microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and bacteria for high-level PUFA production and broadening of the PUFA spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Jovanovic
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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Mhlongo SI, Ezeokoli OT, Roopnarain A, Ndaba B, Sekoai PT, Habimana O, Pohl CH. The Potential of Single-Cell Oils Derived From Filamentous Fungi as Alternative Feedstock Sources for Biodiesel Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:637381. [PMID: 33584636 PMCID: PMC7876240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.637381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids, also known as single-cell oils (SCOs), are highly attractive feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their fast production rates, minimal labor requirements, independence from seasonal and climatic changes, and ease of scale-up for industrial processing. Among the SCO producers, the less explored filamentous fungi (molds) exhibit desirable features such as a repertoire of hydrolyzing enzymes and a unique pellet morphology that facilitates downstream harvesting. Although several oleaginous filamentous fungi have been identified and explored for SCO production, high production costs and technical difficulties still make the process less attractive compared to conventional lipid sources for biodiesel production. This review aims to highlight the ability of filamentous fungi to hydrolyze various organic wastes for SCO production and explore current strategies to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the SCO production and recovery process. The review also highlights the mechanisms and components governing lipogenic pathways, which can inform the rational designs of processing conditions and metabolic engineering efforts for increasing the quality and accumulation of lipids in filamentous fungi. Furthermore, we describe other process integration strategies such as the co-production with hydrogen using advanced fermentation processes as a step toward a biorefinery process. These innovative approaches allow for integrating upstream and downstream processing units, thus resulting in an efficient and cost-effective method of simultaneous SCO production and utilization for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe I. Mhlongo
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrick T. Sekoai
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Olivier Habimana
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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18
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Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Fungal Biofactories and Their Application in Food Industries. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64406-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Antimanon S, Anantayanon J, Wannawilai S, Khongto B, Laoteng K. Physiological Traits of Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Production of the Engineered Aspergillus oryzae by Comparing Mathematical Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:546230. [PMID: 33224108 PMCID: PMC7674286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.546230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; C20:3 n-6) is expected to dominate the functional ingredients market for its role in anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation. The DGLA production by the engineered strain of Aspergillus oryzae with overexpressing Pythium Δ6-desaturase and Δ6-elongase genes was investigated by manipulating the nutrient and fermentation regimes. Of the nitrogen sources tested, the maximum biomass and DGLA titers were obtained in the cultures using NaNO3 grown at pH 6.0. For establishing economically feasible process of DGLA production, the cost-effective medium was developed by using cassava starch hydrolysate (CSH) and NaNO3 as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The supplementation with 1% (v/v) mother liquor (ML) into the CSH medium promoted the specific yield of DGLA production (Y DGLA / X ) comparable with the culture grown in the defined NaNO3 medium, and the DGLA proportion was over 22% in total fatty acid (TFA). Besides, the GLA was also generated at a similar proportion (about 25% in TFA). The mathematical models of the cultures grown in the defined NaNO3 and CSH/ML media were generated, describing that the lipid and DGLA were growth-associated metabolites corresponding to the relevant kinetic parameters of fermentations. The controlled mode of submerged fermentation of the engineered strain was explored for governing the PUFA biosynthesis and lipid-accumulating process in relation to the biomass production. This study provides an informative perspective in the n-6 fatty acid production through physiological manipulation, thus leading to a prospect in viable production of the DGLA-enriched oil by the engineered strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
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Nosheen S, Yang J, Naz T, Nazir Y, Ahmad MI, Fazili ABA, Li S, Mustafa K, Song Y. Annotation of AMP-activated protein kinase genes and its comparative transcriptional analysis between high and low lipid producing strains of Mucor circinelloides. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:193-202. [PMID: 32809159 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator for lipid accumulation, potentially known to have an inhibitory role in lipid synthesis. It inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), an important regulatory enzyme required for lipid synthesis. However, in Mucor circinelloides, AMPK and its association with lipid accumulation has not been studied yet. OBJECTIVES To identify AMPK genes in M. circinelloides and to compare their expression levels in high and low lipid-producing strains of M. circinelloides to predict the possible roles of AMPK in lipid metabolism and to select candidate genes for further studies to enhance lipid accumulation. RESULTS Two genes for α-subunit, one for β-subunit and six for γ-subunit were identified and annotated. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed the presence of typical conserved domains in these genes. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling displayed marked differences in expression kinetics of subunits among the selected strains. The expression of AMPK genes decreased rapidly in WJ11, high lipid producer strain during the lipid accumulation phase while contrasting profile of expression was observed in CBS 277.49, low lipid producer strain. CONCLUSION The present study has shown the association of AMPK genes with lipid metabolism at the transcriptional level. The involvement of Snf-α1, Snf-α2, Snf-β, Snf-γ1, Snf-γ4, Snf-γ5 subunits were shown to be more pronounced and could potentially be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Nosheen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Junhuan Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Abu Bakr Ahmad Fazili
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoqi Li
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Kiren Mustafa
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China.
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Increased Accumulation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids by Dynamic Degradation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Mucor circinelloides. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080890. [PMID: 32764225 PMCID: PMC7464202 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns about global warming, fossil-fuel depletion, food security, and human health have promoted metabolic engineers to develop tools/strategies to overproduce microbial functional oils directly from renewable resources. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C8–C12) have been shown to be important sources due to their diverse biotechnological importance, providing benefits ranging from functional lipids to uses in bio-fuel production. However, oleaginous microbes do not carry native pathways for the production of MCFAs, and therefore, diverse approaches have been adapted to compensate for the requirements of industrial demand. Mucor circinelloides is a promising organism for lipid production (15–36% cell dry weight; CDW) and the investigation of mechanisms of lipid accumulation; however, it mostly produces long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). To address this challenge, we genetically modified strain M. circinelloides MU758, first by integrating heterologous acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE) into fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex and subsequently by modifying the β-oxidation pathway by disrupting the acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX) and/or acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) genes with a preference for medium-chain acyl-CoAs, to elevate the yield of MCFAs. The resultant mutant strains (M-1, M-2, and M-3, respectively) showed a significant increase in lipid production in comparison to the wild-type strain (WT). MCFAs in M-1 (47.45%) was sharply increased compared to the wild type strain (2.25%), and it was further increased in M-2 (60.09%) suggesting a negative role of ACOX in MCFAs production. However, MCFAs in M-3 were much decreased compared to M-1,suggesting a positive role of ACOT in MCFAs production. The M-2 strain showed maximum lipid productivity (~1800 milligram per liter per day or mg/L.d) and MCFAs productivity (~1100 mg/L.d). Taken together, this study elaborates on how the combination of two multidimensional approaches, TE gene over-expression and modification of the β-oxidation pathway via substantial knockout of specific ACOX gene, significantly increased the production of MCFAs. This synergistic approach ultimately offers a novel opportunity for synthetic/industrial biologists to increase the content of MCFAs.
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Tang X, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Song Y, Chen W. Role of g6 pdh and leuB on Lipid Accumulation in Mucor circinelloides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4245-4251. [PMID: 32181644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides is a valuable oleaginous filamentous fungus rich in γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3; n-6), which is beneficial for human health. Our previous comparative proteomic analysis between high lipid-producing M. circinelloides WJ11 and low lipid-producing M. circinelloides CBS 277.49 indicated that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH) were closely involved in lipid accumulation. Transcription analysis suggested that in the strain WJ11, g6pdh1 and g6pdh2, which encode G6PDH, and leuB, which encodes IPMDH, could be the key genes regulating lipid accumulation. To further analyze the effects of these three genes (i.e., g6pdh1, g6pdh2, and leuB) on lipid accumulation, we respectively overexpressed these genes from M. circinelloides WJ11 in defective CBS 277.49 strains in this study. The results showed that overexpression of g6pdh1 and g6pdh2 genes from strain WJ11 increased the fatty acid content of cell dry weight by 23-38 and 41-47%, respectively, compared with the control strain. Furthermore, overexpression of the leuB gene from strain WJ11 increased the fatty acid content of cell dry weight by up to 67-73%. These results suggest that g6pdh1, g6pdh2, and especially leuB genes play important roles in regulating fatty acid synthesis in M. circinelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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Lebreton A, Corre E, Jany JL, Brillet-Guéguen L, Pèrez-Arques C, Garre V, Monsoor M, Debuchy R, Le Meur C, Coton E, Barbier G, Meslet-Cladière L. Comparative genomics applied to Mucor species with different lifestyles. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:135. [PMID: 32039703 PMCID: PMC7011435 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a growing number of investigations on early diverging fungi, the corresponding lineages have not been as extensively characterized as Ascomycota or Basidiomycota ones. The Mucor genus, pertaining to one of these lineages is not an exception. To this date, a restricted number of Mucor annotated genomes is publicly available and mainly correspond to the reference species, Mucor circinelloides, and to medically relevant species. However, the Mucor genus is composed of a large number of ubiquitous species as well as few species that have been reported to specifically occur in certain habitats. The present study aimed to expand the range of Mucor genomes available and identify potential genomic imprints of adaptation to different environments and lifestyles in the Mucor genus. RESULTS In this study, we report four newly sequenced genomes of Mucor isolates collected from non-clinical environments pertaining to species with contrasted lifestyles, namely Mucor fuscus and Mucor lanceolatus, two species used in cheese production (during ripening), Mucor racemosus, a recurrent cheese spoiler sometimes described as an opportunistic animal and human pathogen, and Mucor endophyticus, a plant endophyte. Comparison of these new genomes with those previously available for six Mucor and two Rhizopus (formerly identified as M. racemosus) isolates allowed global structural and functional description such as their TE content, core and species-specific genes and specialized genes. We proposed gene candidates involved in iron metabolism; some of these genes being known to be involved in pathogenicity; and described patterns such as a reduced number of CAZymes in the species used for cheese ripening as well as in the endophytic isolate that might be related to adaptation to different environments and lifestyles within the Mucor genus. CONCLUSIONS This study extended the descriptive data set for Mucor genomes, pointed out the complexity of obtaining a robust phylogeny even with multiple genes families and allowed identifying contrasting potentially lifestyle-associated gene repertoires. The obtained data will allow investigating further the link between genetic and its biological data, especially in terms of adaptation to a given habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lebreton
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS, CNRS: FR2424, Sorbonne Université (UPMC), Paris VI, Place Georges Teissier, 74 29682, Roscoff Cedex, BP, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Loraine Brillet-Guéguen
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS, CNRS: FR2424, Sorbonne Université (UPMC), Paris VI, Place Georges Teissier, 74 29682, Roscoff Cedex, BP, France
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Carlos Pèrez-Arques
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Misharl Monsoor
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Plateforme ABiMS, CNRS: FR2424, Sorbonne Université (UPMC), Paris VI, Place Georges Teissier, 74 29682, Roscoff Cedex, BP, France
| | - Robert Debuchy
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Le Meur
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Georges Barbier
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Laurence Meslet-Cladière
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
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Comparative Analysis of β-Carotene Production by Mucor circinelloides Strains CBS 277.49 and WJ11 under Light and Dark Conditions. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10010038. [PMID: 31963282 PMCID: PMC7022308 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers which are able to modulate the pathogenesis of some cancers and heart diseases in human, indicating their importance in being provided through the diet. Mucor circinelloides accumulates β-carotene as the main carotenoid compound and has been used as a model organism in carotenogenic studies. In the present study, the potential of two M. circinelloides strains to accumulate β-carotene was investigated under light and dark conditions. The results, which were quantitated by HPLC, showed that CBS 277.49 accumulated higher pigment in comparison to WJ11 under both conditions. Continuous illumination triggered the pigment accumulation up to 2.7-fold in strain CBS 277.49 and 2.2-fold in strain WJ11 in comparison to dark. The mRNA analysis of the four key genes involved in isoprenoid pathway by RT-qPCR showed higher transcriptional levels in CBS 277.49 as compared to WJ11, indicating that the pigment production metabolic machinery is more active in CBS 277.49 strain. A new scope for further research was established by this work for improved β-carotene production in the high producing strain CBS 277.49.
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Yang J, Khan MAK, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Certik M, Garre V, Song Y. Mitochondrial Citrate Transport System in the Fungus Mucor circinelloides: Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Expression Profiling During Growth and Lipid Accumulation. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:220-231. [PMID: 31802201 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial citrate transport system, composed of citrate and malate transporters (MTs), can regulate the citrate efflux from mitochondria to cytosol, and then citrate is cleaved into OAA and acetyl-CoA which can be used for fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. However, in the fungus Mucor circinelloides the molecular mechanism of citrate efflux from the mitochondria by this system and its role in FA synthesis is unclear. In the present study, we have analyzed the genome of high lipid-producing strain WJ11 and the low lipid-producing strain CBS 277.49 to find the potential genes involving in this system. Five potential genes are present in the genome of WJ11. These genes encode one citrate transport protein (CT), one tricarboxylate carrier (TCT), one MT, and two 2-oxoglutarate:malate antiporters (SoDIT-a and SoDIT-b). However, the genome of CBS 277.49 contains the same set of genes, except for the presence of just one SoDIT. The proteins from WJ11 had similar properties as their counterparts in CBS 277.49. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed the evolutionary relationship of these proteins and illuminated their typical motifs related to potential functions. Additionally, the expression of these genes was analyzed to predict the possible functions in lipid metabolism in M. circinelloides. This is the first study to report the in silico analysis of structures and functions of the mitochondrial citrate transport system in M. circinelloides. This work showed a new strategy for research for the selection of candidate genes for further detailed functional investigation of the mitochondrial citrate transport system in lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuan Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Ahsanul Kabir Khan
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Milan Certik
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Departmento de Genética Y Microbiología (Unidad Asociada Al Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Jin W, Zhang Z, Zhu K, Xue Y, Xie F, Mao S. Comprehensive Understanding of the Bacterial Populations and Metabolites Profile of Fermented Feed by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100239. [PMID: 31640120 PMCID: PMC6835224 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive bacterial populations and metabolites profile in fermented feed is unclear, which may have significant effects on the stability of fermented feed quality and animal gut health. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry were used to explore the bacterial populations and metabolites profile in the fermented feed incubated with probiotics (MF) or without probiotics (SF). The probiotics were a combination of Lactobacillus salivarius, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pH and lactic acid levels were higher in MF than in SF (P < 0.05), while the total volatile fatty acid content was lower (P < 0.05). Interestingly, after fermentation, the most abundant bacterial genus in MF was Enterococcus, rather than the added probiotics Lactobacillus or Bacillus. Weissella and a few potential pathogens (Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Pantoea) were dominant in SF (P < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis identified 32 different metabolites in the two types of fermented feed. These metabolites enriched in MF, such as maleic acid, phenylacetic acid, ethyl linoleate, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and L-theanine had potential antimicrobial activities. Conclusively, the addition of probiotics enriched a few potentially beneficial microbes and small molecular compounds with antimicrobial activities, and inhibited the potential pathogens in fermented feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Kun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fei Xie
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Optimization of Diverse Carbon Sources and Cultivation Conditions for Enhanced Growth and Lipid and Medium-Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) Production by Mucor circinelloides. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keywords: Mucor circinelloides; microbial lipids; medium-chain fatty acids; culture optimization
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