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Tossounian MA, Zhao Y, Yu BYK, Markey SA, Malanchuk O, Zhu Y, Cain A, Gout I. Low-molecular-weight thiol transferases in redox regulation and antioxidant defence. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103094. [PMID: 38479221 PMCID: PMC10950700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are produced in all living cells in different forms and concentrations. Glutathione (GSH), coenzyme A (CoA), bacillithiol (BSH), mycothiol (MSH), ergothioneine (ET) and trypanothione T(SH)2 are the main LMW thiols in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. LMW thiols serve as electron donors for thiol-dependent enzymes in redox-mediated metabolic and signaling processes, protect cellular macromolecules from oxidative and xenobiotic stress, and participate in the reduction of oxidative modifications. The level and function of LMW thiols, their oxidized disulfides and mixed disulfide conjugates in cells and tissues is tightly controlled by dedicated oxidoreductases, such as peroxiredoxins, glutaredoxins, disulfide reductases and LMW thiol transferases. This review provides the first summary of the current knowledge of structural and functional diversity of transferases for LMW thiols, including GSH, BSH, MSH and T(SH)2. Their role in maintaining redox homeostasis in single-cell and multicellular organisms is discussed, focusing in particular on the conjugation of specific thiols to exogenous and endogenous electrophiles, or oxidized protein substrates. Advances in the development of new research tools, analytical methodologies, and genetic models for the analysis of known LMW thiol transferases will expand our knowledge and understanding of their function in cell growth and survival under oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, and during the detoxification of xenobiotics and harmful metabolites. The antioxidant function of CoA has been recently discovered and the breakthrough in defining the identity and functional characteristics of CoA S-transferase(s) is soon expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A Markey
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Oksana Malanchuk
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine
| | - Yuejia Zhu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Cain
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine.
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Siebert D, Glawischnig E, Wirth MT, Vannahme M, Salazar-Quirós Á, Weiske A, Saydam E, Möggenried D, Wendisch VF, Blombach B. A genome-reduced Corynebacterium glutamicum derivative discloses a hidden pathway relevant for 1,2-propanediol production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:62. [PMID: 38402147 PMCID: PMC10893638 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) is widely used in the cosmetic, food, and drug industries with a worldwide consumption of over 1.5 million metric tons per year. Although efforts have been made to engineer microbial hosts such as Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce 1,2-PDO from renewable resources, the performance of such strains is still improvable to be competitive with existing petrochemical production routes. RESULTS In this study, we enabled 1,2-PDO production in the genome-reduced strain C. glutamicum PC2 by introducing previously described modifications. The resulting strain showed reduced product formation but secreted 50 ± 1 mM D-lactate as byproduct. C. glutamicum PC2 lacks the D-lactate dehydrogenase which pointed to a yet unknown pathway relevant for 1,2-PDO production. Further analysis indicated that in C. glutamicum methylglyoxal, the precursor for 1,2-PDO synthesis, is detoxified with the antioxidant native mycothiol (MSH) by a glyoxalase-like system to lactoylmycothiol and converted to D-lactate which is rerouted into the central carbon metabolism at the level of pyruvate. Metabolomics of cell extracts of the empty vector-carrying wildtype, a 1,2-PDO producer and its derivative with inactive D-lactate dehydrogenase identified major mass peaks characteristic for lactoylmycothiol and its precursors MSH and glucosaminyl-myo-inositol, whereas the respective mass peaks were absent in a production strain with inactivated MSH synthesis. Deletion of mshA, encoding MSH synthase, in the 1,2-PDO producing strain C. glutamicum ΔhdpAΔldh(pEKEx3-mgsA-yqhD-gldA) improved the product yield by 56% to 0.53 ± 0.01 mM1,2-PDO mMglucose-1 which is the highest value for C. glutamicum reported so far. CONCLUSIONS Genome reduced-strains are a useful basis to unravel metabolic constraints for strain engineering and disclosed in this study the pathway to detoxify methylglyoxal which represents a precursor for 1,2-PDO production. Subsequent inactivation of the competing pathway significantly improved the 1,2-PDO yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Siebert
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
- SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
- SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wirth
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Mieke Vannahme
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Álvaro Salazar-Quirós
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Annette Weiske
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ezgi Saydam
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Dominik Möggenried
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Chair of Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Microbial Biotechnology, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany.
- SynBiofoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany.
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1286-1295. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chen K, Yu X, Zhang X, Li X, Liu Y, Si M, Su T. Involvement of a mycothiol-dependent reductase NCgl0018 in oxidative stress response of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:225-239. [PMID: 34483223 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important industrial strain for amino acids and a key model organism for human pathogens. The study of C. glutamicum oxidoreductases, such as mycoredoxin 1 (Mrx1), dithiol-disulfide isomerase DsbA, and DsbA-like Mrx1, is helpful for understanding the survival, pathogenic infection, and stress resistance of its homologous species. However, the action mode and enzymatic function of C. glutamicum NCgl0018 preserving the Cys-Pro-Phe-Cys motif, annotated as a putative DsbA, have remained enigmatic. Here, we report that the NCgl0018-deleted strain increased sensitivity to various oxidative stresses. The ncgl0018 expression was induced in the stress-responsive extracytoplasmic function-sigma (ECF-σ) factor SigH- and organic peroxide- and antibiotic-sensing regulator (OasR)-dependent manner by stress. NCgl0018 reduced S-mycothiolated mixed disulfides and intramolecular disulfides via a monothiol-disulfide mechanism preferentially linking the mycothiol/mycothione reductase/NADPH electron pathway. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed Cys107 was the resolving Cys residue, while Cys104 was the nucleophilic cysteine that was oxidized to a sulfenic acid and then could form an intramolecular disulfide bond with Cys107 or a mixed disulfide with mycothiol under stress. Biochemical analyses indicated that NCgl0018 lacked oxidase properties like the classical DsbA. Further, enzymatic rates and substrate preferences of NCgl0018 were highly similar to those of DsbA-like Mrx1. Collectively, our study presented the first evidence that NCgl0018 protected against stresses by functioning as a novel DsbA-like Mrx1 but not DsbA and Mrx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Xiaona Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
| | - Tao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University
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Liu Y, Li X, Luo J, Su T, Si M, Chen C. A novel mycothiol-dependent thiol-disulfide reductase in Corynebacterium glutamicum involving oxidative stress resistance. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:372. [PMID: 34290951 PMCID: PMC8280269 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ncgl2478 gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum encodes a thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase enzyme annotated as dithiol–disulfide isomerase DsbA. It preserves a Cys–Pro–Phe–Cys active-site motif, which is presumed to be an exclusive characteristic of the novel DsbA–mycoredoxin 1 (Mrx1) cluster. However, the real mode of action, the nature of the electron donor pathway and biological functions of NCgl2478 in C. glutamicum have remained enigmatic so far. Herein, we report that NCgl2478 plays an important role in stress resistance. Deletion of the ncgl2478 gene increases the size of growth inhibition zones. The ncgl2478 expression is induced in the stress-responsive extra-cytoplasmic function-sigma (ECF-σ) factor SigH-dependent manner by stress. It receives electrons preferentially from the mycothiol (MSH)/mycothione reductase (Mtr)/NADPH pathway. Further, NCgl2478 reduces S-mycothiolated mixed disulfides and intramolecular disulfides via a monothiol–disulfide and a dithiol–disulfide exchange mechanism, respectively. NCgl2478 lacks oxidase activity; kinetic properties of its demycothiolation are different from those of Mrx1. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms Cys24 is the resolving Cys residue, while Cys21 is the nucleophilic cysteine that is oxidized to a sulfenic acid and then forms an intramolecular disulfide bond with Cys24 or a mixed disulfide with MSH under oxidative stress. In conclusion, our study presents the first evidence that NCgl2478 protects against various stresses by acting as an MSH-dependent thiol–disulfide reductase, belonging to a novel DsbA–Mrx1 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong China
| | - Xiaona Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong China
| | - Jiaxin Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong China
| | - Tao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong China
| | - Meiru Si
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165 Shandong China
| | - Can Chen
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001 Henan China
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He H, Yuan S, Hu J, Chen J, Rang J, Tang J, Liu Z, Xia Z, Ding X, Hu S, Xia L. Effect of the TetR family transcriptional regulator Sp1418 on the global metabolic network of Saccharopolyspora pogona. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:27. [PMID: 32046731 PMCID: PMC7011500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharopolyspora pogona is a prominent industrial strain due to its production of butenyl-spinosyn, a high-quality insecticide against a broad spectrum of insect pests. TetR family proteins are diverse in a tremendous number of microorganisms and some are been researched to have a key role in metabolic regulation. However, specific functions of TetR family proteins in S. pogona are yet to characterize. Results In the present study, the overexpression of the tetR-like gene sp1418 in S. pogona resulted in marked effects on vegetative growth, sporulation, butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis, and oxidative stress. By using qRT-PCR analysis, mass spectrometry, enzyme activity detection, and sp1418 knockout verification, we showed that most of these effects could be attributed to the overexpression of Sp1418, which modulated enzymes related to the primary metabolism, oxidative stress and secondary metabolism, and thereby resulted in distinct growth characteristics and an unbalanced supply of precursor monomers for butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis. Conclusion This study revealed the function of Sp1418 and enhanced the understanding of the metabolic network in S. pogona, and provided insights into the improvement of secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangqin Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinjuan Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Rang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianli Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyuan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengbiao Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
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