1
|
Asefi S, Nouri H, Pourmohammadi G, Moghimi H. Comprehensive network of stress-induced responses in Zymomonas mobilis during bioethanol production: from physiological and molecular responses to the effects of system metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:180. [PMID: 38890644 PMCID: PMC11186258 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biofuels, especially bioethanol, are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to fossil fuels. Zymomonas mobilis is a desirable species for bioethanol production due to its unique characteristics, such as low biomass production and high-rate glucose metabolism. However, several factors can interfere with the fermentation process and hinder microbial activity, including lignocellulosic hydrolysate inhibitors, high temperatures, an osmotic environment, and high ethanol concentration. Overcoming these limitations is critical for effective bioethanol production. In this review, the stress response mechanisms of Z. mobilis are discussed in comparison to other ethanol-producing microbes. The mechanism of stress response is divided into physiological (changes in growth, metabolism, intracellular components, and cell membrane structures) and molecular (up and down-regulation of specific genes and elements of the regulatory system and their role in expression of specific proteins and control of metabolic fluxes) changes. Systemic metabolic engineering approaches, such as gene manipulation, overexpression, and silencing, are successful methods for building new metabolic pathways. Therefore, this review discusses systems metabolic engineering in conjunction with systems biology and synthetic biology as an important method for developing new strains with an effective response mechanism to fermentation stresses during bioethanol production. Overall, understanding the stress response mechanisms of Z. mobilis can lead to more efficient and effective bioethanol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaqayeq Asefi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Nouri
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Golchehr Pourmohammadi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Moghimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McLaughlin M, Fiebig A, Crosson S. XRE transcription factors conserved in Caulobacter and φCbK modulate adhesin development and phage production. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011048. [PMID: 37972151 PMCID: PMC10688885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The xenobiotic response element (XRE) family of transcription factors (TFs), which are commonly encoded by bacteria and bacteriophage, regulate diverse features of bacterial cell physiology and impact phage infection dynamics. Through a pangenome analysis of Caulobacter species isolated from soil and aquatic ecosystems, we uncovered an apparent radiation of a paralogous XRE TF gene cluster, several of which have established functions in the regulation of holdfast adhesin development and biofilm formation in C. crescentus. We further discovered related XRE TFs throughout the class Alphaproteobacteria and its phages, including the φCbK Caulophage, suggesting that members of this cluster impact host-phage interactions. Here we show that a closely related group of XRE transcription factors encoded by both C. crescentus and φCbK can physically interact and function to control the transcription of a common gene set, influencing processes including holdfast development and the production of φCbK virions. The φCbK-encoded XRE paralog, tgrL, is highly expressed at the earliest stages of infection and can directly inhibit transcription of host genes including hfiA, a potent holdfast inhibitor, and gafYZ, an activator of prophage-like gene transfer agents (GTAs). XRE proteins encoded from the C. crescentus chromosome also directly repress gafYZ transcription, revealing a functionally redundant set of host regulators that may protect against spurious production of GTA particles and inadvertent cell lysis. Deleting the C. crescentus XRE transcription factors reduced φCbK burst size, while overexpressing these host genes or φCbK tgrL rescued this burst defect. We conclude that this XRE TF gene cluster, shared by C. crescentus and φCbK, plays an important role in adhesion regulation under phage-free conditions, and influences host-phage dynamics during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Naamala J, Subramanian S, Msimbira LA, Smith DL. Effect of NaCl stress on exoproteome profiles of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EB2003A and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206152. [PMID: 37700863 PMCID: PMC10493332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress can affect survival, multiplication and ability of plant growth promoting microorganisms to enhance plant growth. Changes in a microbe's proteome profile is one of the mechanisms employed by PGPM to enhance tolerance of salt stress. This study was focused on understanding changes in the exoproteome profile of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EB2003A and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H when exposed to salt stress. The strains were cultured in 100 mL M13 (B. amyloliquefaciens) and 100 mL De man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) (L. helveticus) media, supplemented with 200 and 0 mM NaCl (control), at pH 7.0. The strains were then incubated for 48 h (late exponential growth phase), at 120 rpm and 30 (B. amyloliquefaciens) and 37 (L. helveticus) °C. The microbial cultures were then centrifuged and filtered sterilized, to obtain cell free supernatants whose proteome profiles were studied using LC-MS/MS analysis and quantified using scaffold. Results of the study revealed that treatment with 200 mM NaCl negatively affected the quantity of identified proteins in comparison to the control, for both strains. There was upregulation and downregulation of some proteins, even up to 100%, which resulted in identification of proteins significantly unique between the control or 200 mM NaCl (p ≤ 0.05), for both microbial species. Proteins unique to 200 mM NaCl were mostly those involved in cell wall metabolism, substrate transport, oxidative stress tolerance, gene expression and DNA replication and repair. Some of the identified unique proteins have also been reported to enhance plant growth. In conclusion, based on the results of the work described here, PGPM alter their exoproteome profile when exposed to salt stress, potentially upregulating proteins that enhance their tolerance to this stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McLaughlin M, Fiebig A, Crosson S. XRE Transcription Factors Conserved in Caulobacter and φCbK Modulate Adhesin Development and Phage Production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.20.554034. [PMID: 37645952 PMCID: PMC10462132 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.20.554034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, transcriptional shifts in both a host bacterium and its invading phage determine host and viral fitness. The xenobiotic response element (XRE) family of transcription factors (TFs), which are commonly encoded by bacteria and phages, regulate diverse features of bacterial cell physiology and impact phage infection dynamics. Through a pangenome analysis of Caulobacter species isolated from soil and aquatic ecosystems, we uncovered an apparent radiation of a paralogous XRE TF gene cluster, several of which have established functions in the regulation of holdfast adhesin development and biofilm formation in C. crescentus. We further discovered related XRE TFs across the class Alphaproteobacteria and its phages, including the φCbK Caulophage, suggesting that members of this gene cluster impact host-phage interactions. Here we show that that a closely related group of XRE proteins, encoded by both C. crescentus and φCbK, can form heteromeric associations and control the transcription of a common gene set, influencing processes including holdfast development and the production of φCbK virions. The φCbK XRE paralog, tgrL, is highly expressed at the earliest stages of infection and can directly repress transcription of hfiA, a potent holdfast inhibitor, and gafYZ, a transcriptional activator of prophage-like gene transfer agents (GTAs) encoded on the C. crescentus chromosome. XRE proteins encoded from the C. crescentus chromosome also directly repress gafYZ transcription, revealing a functionally redundant set of host regulators that may protect against spurious production of GTA particles and inadvertent cell lysis. Deleting host XRE transcription factors reduced φCbK burst size, while overexpressing these genes or φCbK tgrL rescued this burst defect. We conclude that an XRE TF gene cluster, shared by C. crescentus and φCbK, plays an important role in adhesion regulation under phage-free conditions, and influences host-phage dynamics during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeve McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Z, Guan J, Liu T, Shangguan C, Xu M, Rao Z. The flavohaemoprotein hmp maintains redox homeostasis in response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:158. [PMID: 37596674 PMCID: PMC10436651 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the production of L-arginine through high dissolved oxygen and nitrogen supply fermentation, the industrial workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum is exposed to oxidative stress. This generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which are harmful to the bacteria. To address the issue and to maintain redox homeostasis during fermentation, the flavohaemoprotein (Hmp) was employed. RESULTS The results showed that the overexpression of Hmp led to a decrease in ROS and RNS content by 9.4% and 22.7%, respectively, and improved the survivability of strains. When the strains were treated with H2O2 and NaNO2, the RT-qPCR analysis indicated an up-regulation of ammonium absorption and transporter genes amtB and glnD. Conversely, the deletion of hmp gives rise to the up-regulation of eight oxidative stress-related genes. These findings suggested that hmp is associated with oxidative stress and intracellular nitrogen metabolism genes. Finally, we released the inhibitory effect of ArnR on hmp. The Cc-ΔarnR-hmp strain produced 48.4 g/L L-arginine during batch-feeding fermentation, 34.3% higher than the original strain. CONCLUSIONS This report revealed the influence of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen concentration on reactive species of Corynebacterium glutamicum and the role of the Hmp in coping with oxidative stress. The Hmp first demonstrates related to redox homeostasis and nitrite metabolism, providing a feasible strategy for improving the robustness of strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingyi Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Yantai Shinho Enterprise Foods Co., Ltd, Yantai, 265503, China
| | - Chunyu Shangguan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rao SP, Dobariya P, Bellamkonda H, More SS. Role of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in Physiology and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030603. [PMID: 36978851 PMCID: PMC10045210 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) plays the important role of producing hydrogen sulfide. Conserved from bacteria to Mammalia, this enzyme is localized in mitochondria as well as the cytoplasm. 3-MST mediates the reaction of 3-mercaptopyruvate with dihydrolipoic acid and thioredoxin to produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is also produced through cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase, along with 3-MST, and is known to alleviate a variety of illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. The importance of cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase in hydrogen sulfide biogenesis is well-described, but documentation of the 3-MST pathway is limited. This account compiles the current state of knowledge about the role of 3-MST in physiology and pathology. Attempts at targeting the 3-MST pathway for therapeutic benefit are discussed, highlighting the potential of 3-MST as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
7
|
Long X, Wang X, Mao D, Wu W, Luo Y. A Novel XRE-Type Regulator Mediates Phage Lytic Development and Multiple Host Metabolic Processes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0351122. [PMID: 36445133 PMCID: PMC9769523 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03511-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, the leading cause of acute and chronic infections in immunocompromised patients, frequently with high morbidity and mortality rates. The xenobiotic response element (XRE) family proteins are the second most common transcriptional regulators (TRs) in P. aeruginosa. However, only a few XRE-like TRs have been reported to regulate multiple bacterial cellular processes, encompassing virulence, metabolism, antibiotic synthesis or resistance, stress responses, and phage infection, etc. Our understanding of what roles these XRE-like small regulatory proteins play in P. aeruginosa remains limited. Here, we aimed to decipher the role of a putative XRE-type transcriptional regulator (designated LfsT) from a prophage region on the chromosome of a clinical P. aeruginosa isolate, P8W. Southern blot and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays demonstrated that LfsT controlled host sensitivity to the phage PP9W2 and was essential for efficient phage replication. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and transcriptional lacZ fusion analyses indicated that LfsT repressed the lysogenic development and promoted the lytic cycle of phage PP9W2 by binding to the promoter regions of the gp71 gene (encoding a CI-like repressor) and several vital phage genes. Combined with RNA-seq and a series of phenotypic validation tests, our results showed that LfsT bound to the flexible palindromic sites within the promoters upstream of several genes in the bacterial genome, regulating fatty acid (FA) metabolism, spermidine (SPD) transport, as well as the type III secretion system (T3SS). Overall, this study reveals novel regulatory roles of LfsT in P. aeruginosa, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind bacterium-phage interactions. IMPORTANCE This work elucidates the novel roles of a putative XRE family TR, LfsT, in the intricate regulatory systems of P. aeruginosa. We found that LfsT bound directly to the core promoter regions upstream of the start codons of numerous genes involved in various processes, including phage infection, FA metabolism, SPD transport, and the T3SS, regulating as the repressor or activator. The identified partial palindromic motif NAACN(5,8)GTTN recognized by LfsT suggests extensive effects of LfsT on gene expression by maintaining preferential binding to nucleotide sites under evolutionary pressure. In summary, these findings indicate that LfsT enhances metabolic activity in P. aeruginosa, while it reduces host resistance to the phage. This study helps us better understand the coevolution of bacteria and phages (e.g., survival comes at a cost) and provides clues for designing novel antimicrobials against P. aeruginosa infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Long
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Wang R, Liu J, Lu H, Li H, Wang Y, Ni X, Li J, Guo Y, Ma H, Liao X, Wang M. Base editor enables rational genome-scale functional screening for enhanced industrial phenotypes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2157. [PMID: 36044571 PMCID: PMC9432829 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale functional screening accelerates comprehensive assessment of gene function in cells. Here, we have established a genome-scale loss-of-function screening strategy that combined a cytosine base editor with approximately 12,000 parallel sgRNAs targeting 98.1% of total genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. Unlike previous data processing methods developed in yeast or mammalian cells, we developed a new data processing procedure to locate candidate genes by statistical sgRNA enrichment analysis. Known and novel functional genes related to 5-fluorouracil resistance, 5-fluoroorotate resistance, oxidative stress tolerance, or furfural tolerance have been identified. In particular, purU and serA were proven to be related to the furfural tolerance in C. glutamicum. A cloud platform named FSsgRNA-Analyzer was provided to accelerate sequencing data processing for CRISPR-based functional screening. Our method would be broadly useful to functional genomics study and strain engineering in other microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang R, Lin X, Zha G, Wang J, Huang W, Wang J, Hou Y, Mou H, Zhang T, Zhu H, Wang J. Mechanism of enrofloxacin-induced multidrug resistance in the pathogenic Vibrio harveyi from diseased abalones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154738. [PMID: 35331762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi infection had caused severe economic losses in aquaculture. A pathogenic V. harveyi strain had been successfully induced to be a multiple-resistant strain by enrofloxacin (EFX), then the mechanism of multidrug resistance was analyzed. It suggested that the minimum inhibitory concentration of EFX increased by 32-folds. Results of the Kirby-Bauer test showed that the inhibitory zone diameter was 25.3 mm for the sensitive strain (labeled as HL-S) and 8.5 mm for the resistant strain (labeled as HL-R). After 20 serial passages, even when the stress of EFX was removed, the resistance persisted. After induction of EFX, HL-R resisted to other fluoroquinolones, it even resisted to furazolidone and streptomycin, although it was sensitive to these antibiotics initially. Its sensitivity to rifampicin and doxycycline also decreased obviously. Results showed that 3522 differentially expressed genes were identified. Expression of the multidrugs efflux resistance-nodulation-cell division was significantly upregulated (164.61-folds) in HL-R. Other key genes connected with drug efflux were also upregulated significantly (p<0.05). Notably, recA encoded for recombination protein was upregulated significantly, lexA was downregulated significantly in HL-R. Research results showed that the efflux system and the save our souls system have played crucial roles during the development of multidrug resistance of V. harveyi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Wang
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Xiaozhi Lin
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Guangcai Zha
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | | | - Yuee Hou
- Zhuhai Kerric Testing Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Hongli Mou
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fan J, Zhao L, Hu Q, Li S, Li H, Zhang Q, Zou G, Zhang L, Li L, Huang Q, Zhou R. Screening for Virulence-Related Genes via a Transposon Mutant Library of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Using a Galleria mellonella Larvae Infection Model. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050868. [PMID: 35630313 PMCID: PMC9143085 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen causing lethal infections in pigs and humans. Identification of virulence-related genes (VRGs) is of great importance in understanding the pathobiology of a bacterial pathogen. To identify novel VRGs, a transposon (Tn) mutant library of S. suis strain SC19 was constructed in this study. The insertion sites of approximately 1700 mutants were identified by Tn-seq, which involved 417 different genes. A total of 32 attenuated strains were identified from the library by using a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model, and 30 novel VRGs were discovered, including transcription regulators, transporters, hypothetical proteins, etc. An isogenic deletion mutant of hxtR gene (ΔhxtR) and its complementary strain (CΔhxtR) were constructed, and their virulence was compared with the wild-type strain in G. mellonella larvae and mice, which showed that disruption of hxtR significantly attenuated the virulence. Moreover, the ΔhxtR strain displayed a reduced survival ability in whole blood, increased sensitivity to phagocytosis, increased chain length, and growth defect. Taken together, this study performed a high throughput screening for VRGs of S. suis using a G. mellonella larvae model and further characterized a novel critical virulence factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lelin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Haotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
- International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
- International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.F.); (L.Z.); (Q.H.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (G.Z.); (L.Z.); (L.L.)
- International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- The HZAU-HVSEN Research Institute, Wuhan 430042, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Liang S, Pan Z, Yu Y, Yao H, Liu Y, Liu G. XRE family transcriptional regulator XtrSs modulates Streptococcus suis fitness under hydrogen peroxide stress. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:244. [PMID: 35386008 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important emerging zoonosis that causes economic losses in the pig industry and severe threats to public health. Transcriptional regulators play essential roles in bacterial adaptation to host environments. In this study, we identified a novel XRE family transcriptional regulator in S. suis CZ130302, XtrSs, involved in the bacterial fitness to hydrogen peroxide stress. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift and β-galactosidase activity assays, we found that XtrSs auto-regulated its own transcription and repressed the expression of its downstream gene psePs, a surface protein with unknown function in S. suis, by binding to a palindromic sequence from the promoter region. Furthermore, we proved that the deletion of the psePs gene attenuated bacterial antioxidant response. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that XtrSs and PsePs naturally co-existed as a combination in most S. suis genomes. Collectively, we demonstrated the binding characteristics of XtrSs in S. suis and provided a new insight that XtrSs played a critical role in modulating psePs to the hydrogen peroxide resistance of S. suis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park JC, Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. Trehalose biosynthetic gene otsB of Corynebacterium glutamicum is regulated by whcE in response to oxidative stress. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35040429 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene whcE of Corynebacterium glutamicum plays a positive role in oxidative stress responses and the WhcE protein interacts with SpiE. By utilizing 2D-PAGE analysis, we identified the otsB gene to be under the control of whcE. The transcription of otsB, encoding trehalose 6-phosphatase, was stimulated by oxidative stress, and whcE and spiE were involved in diamide-mediated transcriptional stimulation. The ΔotsB strain was created and found to be sensitive to the thiol-specific oxidant diamide, suggesting a role of the gene in stress responses. Genes located upstream of otsB, such as NCgl2534 and otsA, formed an operon and purified WhcE was able to bind to the promoter region of the operon (PNCgl2534), but the binding was only possible in the presence of the oxidant diamide. In addition, the transcriptional activation of PNCgl2534 by WhcE was demonstrated in in vivo assays and the transcription was stimulated in cells exposed to the oxidant diamide. These findings indicate that WhcE is a transcriptional activator, and otsB, which is involved in trehalose biosynthesis, has a role in oxidative stress responses in C. glutamicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Chul Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeri Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungbuk 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Banerjee D, Eng T, Sasaki Y, Srinivasan A, Oka A, Herbert RA, Trinh J, Singan VR, Sun N, Putnam D, Scown CD, Simmons B, Mukhopadhyay A. Genomics Characterization of an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum in Bioreactor Cultivation Under Ionic Liquid Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:766674. [PMID: 34869279 PMCID: PMC8637627 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.766674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is an ideal microbial chassis for production of valuable bioproducts including amino acids and next generation biofuels. Here we resequence engineered isopentenol (IP) producing C. glutamicum BRC-JBEI 1.1.2 strain and assess differential transcriptional profiles using RNA sequencing under industrially relevant conditions including scale transition and compare the presence vs absence of an ionic liquid, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). Analysis of the scale transition from shake flask to bioreactor with transcriptomics identified a distinct pattern of metabolic and regulatory responses needed for growth in this industrial format. These differential changes in gene expression corroborate altered accumulation of organic acids and bioproducts, including succinate, acetate, and acetoin that occur when cells are grown in the presence of 50 mM [Ch][Lys] in the stirred-tank reactor. This new genome assembly and differential expression analysis of cells grown in a stirred tank bioreactor clarify the cell response of an C. glutamicum strain engineered to produce IP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Eng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aparajitha Srinivasan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asun Oka
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ning Sun
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dan Putnam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Corinne D Scown
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Blake Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. OsnR is an autoregulatory negative transcription factor controlling redox-dependent stress responses in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:203. [PMID: 34663317 PMCID: PMC8524982 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium glutamicum is used in the industrial production of amino acids and nucleotides. During the course of fermentation, C. glutamicum cells face various stresses and employ multiple regulatory genes to cope with the oxidative stress. The osnR gene plays a negative regulatory role in redox-dependent oxidative-stress responses, but the underlying mechanism is not known yet. Results Overexpression of the osnR gene in C. glutamicum affected the expression of genes involved in the mycothiol metabolism. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that OsnR binds to the promoter region of multiple genes, including osnR and cg0026, which seems to function in the membrane-associated redox metabolism. Studies on the role of the osnR gene involving in vitro assays employing purified OsnR proteins and in vivo physiological analyses have identified that OsnR inhibits the transcription of its own gene. Further, oxidant diamide stimulates OsnR-binding to the promoter region of the osnR gene. The genes affected by the overexpression of osnR have been found to be under the control of σH. In the osnR-overexpressing strain, the transcription of sigH is significantly decreased and the stimulation of sigH transcription by external stress is lost, suggesting that osnR and sigH form an intimate regulatory network. Conclusions Our study suggests that OsnR not only functions as a transcriptional repressor of its own gene and of those involved in redox-dependent stress responses but also participates in the global transcriptional regulation by controlling the transcription of other master regulators, such as sigH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01693-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeri Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Lay BD, Cameron TA, De Lay NR, Norris SJ, Edmondson DG. Comparison of transcriptional profiles of Treponema pallidum during experimental infection of rabbits and in vitro culture: Highly similar, yet different. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009949. [PMID: 34570834 PMCID: PMC8525777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, can now be cultured continuously in vitro utilizing a tissue culture system, and the multiplication rates are similar to those obtained in experimental infection of rabbits. In this study, the RNA transcript profiles of the T. pallidum Nichols during in vitro culture and rabbit infection were compared to examine whether gene expression patterns differed in these two environments. To this end, RNA preparations were converted to cDNA and subjected to RNA-seq using high throughput Illumina sequencing; reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR was also performed on selected genes for validation of results. The transcript profiles in the in vivo and in vitro environments were remarkably similar, exhibiting a high degree of concordance overall. However, transcript levels of 94 genes (9%) out of the 1,063 predicted genes in the T. pallidum genome were significantly different during rabbit infection versus in vitro culture, varying by up to 8-fold in the two environments. Genes that exhibited significantly higher transcript levels during rabbit infection included those encoding multiple ribosomal proteins, several prominent membrane proteins, glycolysis-associated enzymes, replication initiator DnaA, rubredoxin, thioredoxin, two putative regulatory proteins, and proteins associated with solute transport. In vitro cultured T. pallidum had higher transcript levels of DNA repair proteins, cofactor synthesis enzymes, and several hypothetical proteins. The overall concordance of the transcript profiles may indicate that these environments are highly similar in terms of their effects on T. pallidum physiology and growth, and may also reflect a relatively low level of transcriptional regulation in this reduced genome organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget D. De Lay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. De Lay
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Norris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Edmondson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|