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Liu J, Shi J, Gao J, Shi R, Zhu J, Jensen MS, Li C, Yang J, Zhao S, Sun A, Sun D, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu W. Functional studies on tandem carbohydrate-binding modules of a multimodular enzyme possessing two catalytic domains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0088824. [PMID: 38940565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00888-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although functional studies on carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) have been carried out extensively, the role of tandem CBMs in the enzyme containing multiple catalytic domains (CDs) is unclear. Here, we identified a multidomain enzyme (Lc25986) with a novel modular structure from lignocellulolytic bacterial consortium. It consists of a mannanase domain, two CBM65 domains (LcCBM65-1/LcCBM65-2), and an esterase domain. To investigate CBM function and domain interactions, full-length Lc25986 and its variants were constructed and used for enzymatic activity, binding, and bioinformatic analyses. The results showed that LcCBM65-1 and LcCBM65-2 both bind mannan and xyloglucan but not cellulose or β-1,3-1,4-glucan, which differs from the ligand specificity of reported CBM65s. Compared to LcCBM65-2, LcCBM65-1 showed a stronger ligand affinity and a preference for acetylation sites. Both CBM65s stimulated the enzymatic activities of their respective neighboring CDs against acetylated mannan, but did not contribute to the activities of the distal CDs. The time course of mannan hydrolysis indicated that the full-length Lc25986 was more effective in the complete degradation of mixed acetyl/non-acetyl substrates than the mixture of single-CD mutants. When acting on complex substrates, LcCBM65-1 not only improved the enzymatic activity of the mannanase domain, but also directed the esterase domain to the acetylated polysaccharides. LcCBM65-2 adopted a low affinity to reduce interference with the catalysis of the mannanase domain. These results demonstrate the importance of CBMs for the synergism between the two CDs of a multidomain enzyme and suggest that they contribute to the adequate degradation of complex substrates such as plant cell walls. IMPORTANCE Lignocellulolytic enzymes, particularly those of bacterial origin, often harbor multiple carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). However, the function of CBM multivalency remains poorly understood. This is especially true for enzymes that contain more than one catalytic domain (CD), as the interactions between CDs, CBMs, and CDs and CBMs can be complex. Our research demonstrates that homogeneous CBMs can have distinct functions in a multimodular enzyme. The tandem CBMs coordinate the CDs in catalytic conflict through their differences in binding affinity, ligand preference, and arrangement within the full-length enzyme. Additionally, although the synergism between mannanase and esterase is widely acknowledged, our study highlights the benefits of integrating the two enzymes into a single entity for the degradation of complex substrates. In summary, these findings enhance our understanding of the intra-synergism of a multimodular enzyme and emphasize the significance of multiple CBMs in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Gao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marcus Sepo Jensen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyi Zhao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aofei Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Oz Tuncay F, Cakmak U, Kolcuoglu Y. Aqueous two-phase extraction and characterization of thermotolerant alkaliphilic Cladophora hutchinsiae xylanase: biochemical properties and potential applications in fruit juice clarification and fish feed supplementation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:553-563. [PMID: 37668166 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2253469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylanase finds extensive applications in diverse biotechnological fields such as biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. Here, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-phosphate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was applied for the purification of an alkaline active and thermotolerant xylanase from a marine source, Cladophora hutchinsiae (C. hutchinsiae). In the purification process, the effects of some experimental factors such as PEG concentration and PEG molar mass, potassium phosphate(K2HP04) concentration, and pH on xylanase distribution were systematically investigated. Relative enzymatic activity and purification factor obtained were 93.21% and 7.18, respectively. A single protein band of 28 kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH of xylanase with beechwood xylan were 30 °C and 9.0, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk graph was utilized to determine the Km (4.5 ± 0.8 mg/mL), Vmax (0.04 ± 0.01 U) and kcat (0.001 s-1) values of the enzyme. It was observed that the purified xylanase maintained 70% of its activity at 4 °C and was found stable at pH 4.0 by retaining almost all of its activity. Enzymatic activity was slightly enhanced with Na+, K+, Ca2+ and acetone. The highest increase in the reducing sugar amount was 53.6 ± 3.8, for orange juice at 50 U/mL enzyme concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Oz Tuncay
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ummuhan Cakmak
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yakup Kolcuoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Escudero-Agudelo J, Martínez-Villalobos J, Arocha-Garza H, Galán-Wong LJ, Avilés-Arnaut H, De la Torre-Zavala S. Systematic bioprospection for cellulolytic actinomycetes in the Chihuahuan Desert: isolation and enzymatic profiling. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16119. [PMID: 37790635 PMCID: PMC10542393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for microbial cellulases has intensified as a response to global challenges in biofuel production. The efficient deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass holds promise for generating valuable products in various industries such as food, textile, and detergents. This article presents a systematic bioprospection aimed at isolating actinomycetes with exceptional cellulose deconstruction capabilities. Our methodology explored the biodiverse oligotrophic region of Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, within the Chihuahuan Desert. Among the evaluated actinomycetes collection, 78% exhibited cellulolytic activity. Through a meticulous screening process based on enzymatic index evaluation, we identified a highly cellulolytic Streptomyces strain for further investigation. Submerged fermentation of this strain revealed an endoglucanase enzymatic activity of 149 U/mg. Genomic analysis of strain Streptomyces sp. STCH565-A revealed unique configurations of carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes, underscoring its potential for lignocellulosic bioconversion applications. These findings not only highlight the significance of the Chihuahuan Desert as a rich source of cellulolytic microorganisms but also offer insights into the systematic exploration and selection of high-performing cellulolytic microorganisms for application in diverse environmental contexts. In conclusion, our bioprospecting study lays a foundation for harnessing the cellulolytic potential of actinomycetes from the Chihuahuan Desert, with implications for advancing cellulose deconstruction processes in various industries. The findings can serve as a blueprint for future bioprospecting efforts in different regions, facilitating the targeted discovery of microorganisms with exceptional cellulosic deconstruction capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneth Escudero-Agudelo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Juan Martínez-Villalobos
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Hector Arocha-Garza
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Luis Jesús Galán-Wong
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Susana De la Torre-Zavala
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
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Pentari C, Zerva A, Dimarogona M, Topakas E. The xylobiohydrolase activity of a GH30 xylanase on natively acetylated xylan may hold the key for the degradation of recalcitrant xylan. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 305:120527. [PMID: 36737185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl substitutions are common on the hemicellulosic structures of lignocellulose, which up until recently were known to inhibit xylanase activity. Emerging data, however, suggest that xylanases are able to accommodate acetyl side-groups within their catalytic site. In the present work, a fungal GH30 xylanase from Thermothelomyces thermophila, namely TtXyn30A, was shown to release acetylated xylobiose when acting on pretreated lignocellulosic substrate. The released disaccharides could be acetylated at the 2-OH, 3-OH or both positions of the non-reducing end xylose, but the existence of the acetylation on the reducing end cannot be excluded. The synergy of TtXyn30A with acetyl esterases indicates that particular subsites within its active site cannot tolerate acetylated xylopyranose residues. Molecular docking showed that acetyl group can be accommodated on the 2- or 3-OH position of the non-reducing end xylose, unlike the reducing-end xylose (subsite -1), where only 3-OH decoration can be accommodated. Such insight into the catalytic activity of TtXyn30A could contribute to a better understanding of its biological role and thus lead to a more sufficient biotechnological utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentari
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zerva
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimarogona
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Wang F, Yao Z, Zhang X, Han Z, Chu X, Ge X, Lu F, Liu Y. High-level production of xylose from agricultural wastes using GH11 endo-xylanase and GH43 β-xylosidase from Bacillus sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1705-1717. [PMID: 36063213 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a promising feedstock, alkali-extracted xylan from lignocellulosic biomass is desired for producing xylose, which can be used for renewable biofuels production. In this study, an efficient pathway has been established for low-cost and high-yield production of xylose by hydrolysis of alkali-extracted xylan from agricultural wastes using an endo-1,4-xylanase (XYLA) from Bacillus safensis TCCC 111022 and a β-xylosidase (XYLO) from B. pumilus TCCC 11573. The optimum activities of recombinant XYLA (rXYLA) and XYLO (rXYLO) were 60 ℃ and pH 8.0, and 30 ℃ and pH 7.0, respectively. They were stable over a broad pH range (pH 6.0-11.0 and 7.0-10.0). rXYLO showed a relatively high xylose tolerance up to 100 mM. Furthermore, the yield of xylose from wheat straw, rice straw, corn stover, corncob and sugarcane bagasse by rXYLA and rXYLO was 63.77%, 71.76%, 68.55%, 53.81%, and 58.58%, respectively. This study demonstrated a strategy to produce xylose from agricultural wastes by integrating alkali-extracted xylan and enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No.29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
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Madubuike H, Ferry N. Characterisation of a Novel Acetyl Xylan Esterase (BaAXE) Screened from the Gut Microbiota of the Common Black Slug ( Arion ater). Molecules 2022; 27:2999. [PMID: 35566348 PMCID: PMC9104356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs) are enzymes capable of hydrolysing the acetyl bonds in acetylated xylan, allowing for enhanced activity of backbone-depolymerizing enzymes. Bioprospecting novel AXE is essential in designing enzyme cocktails with desired characteristics targeting the complete breakdown of lignocellulose. In this article, we report the characterisation of a novel AXE identified as Gene_id_40363 in the metagenomic library analysed from the gut microbiota of the common black slug. The conserved domain description was identified with an NCBI BLASTp search using the translated nucleotide sequence as a query. The activity of the recombinant enzyme was tested on various synthetic substrates and acetylated substrates. The protein sequence matched the conserved domain described as putative hydrolase and aligned closely to an uncharacterized esterase from Buttiauxella agrestis, hence the designation as BaAXE. BaAXE showed low sequence similarity among characterized CE family proteins with an available 3D structure. BaAXE was active on 4-nitrophenyl acetate, reporting a specific activity of 78.12 U/mg and a Km value of 0.43 mM. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 8 and showed high thermal stability, retaining over 40% activity after 2 h of incubation from 40 °C to 100 °C. BaAXE hydrolysed acetyl bonds, releasing acetic acid from acetylated xylan and β-D-glucose pentaacetate. BaAXE has great potential for biotechnological applications harnessing its unique characteristics. In addition, this proves the possibility of bioprospecting novel enzymes from understudied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Madubuike
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Natalie Ferry
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
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Li Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Lu P, Yin C, Ye Z, Huang Z. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase from Streptomyces sp. T7 and Its Application in Xylo-Oligosaccharide Production. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082516. [PMID: 35458713 PMCID: PMC9032680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A xylanase-producing strain, identified as Streptomyces sp. T7, was isolated from soil by our lab. The endo-β-1,4-xylanase (xynST7) gene was found in the genome sequence of strain T7, which was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. XynST7 belonged to the glycoside hydrolase family 10, with a molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of XynST7 were pH 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively, and it showed wide pH and temperature adaptability and stability, retaining more than half of its enzyme activity between pH 5.0 and 11.0 below 80 °C. XynST7 showed only endo-β-1,4-xylanase activity without cellulase- or β-xylosidase activity, and it showed maximal hydrolysis for corncob xylan in all the test substrates. Then, XynST7 was used for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) by hydrolyzing xylan extracted from raw corncobs. The maximum yield of the XOS was 8.61 ± 0.13 mg/mL using 15 U/mL of XynST7 and 1.5% corncob xylan after 10 h of incubation at 60 °C. The resulting hydrolysate products mainly consisted of xylobiose and xylotriose. These data indicated that XynST7 might by a promising tool for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaosong Huang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-531-82766825; Fax: +86-531-82765807
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Pan K, Jin S, Wang Y, Yu Z, Sun J, Liu T, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Li Z, Zhao J. Crucial Residues of C-Terminal Oligopeptide C60 to Improve the Yield of Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides by Truncated Mutation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060862. [PMID: 35327284 PMCID: PMC8954191 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the yields of short xylooligosaccharides by enzymatic production is efficient to improve prebiotic effects. Previously, C-terminal oligopeptide C60 was found to accelerate short xylooligosaccharides. Herein, in order to further understand the molecular mechanism of C60, the sequence analysis firstly showed that C60 displays typical properties of a linker (rich in proline/alanine/glycine/glutamine/arginine, 8.33–20.00%). C60 shared the highest identity with the N-terminal region of esterase (98.33%) and high identity with the linker between xylanase and esterase from Prevotella sp. (56.50%), it is speculated to originate from an early linker between XynA and another domain. Besides, structure simulation showed that C60 enhances the molecular interactions between substrate and active residues to improve catalytic efficiency. Moreover, three truncated variants with different lengths of C-terminal regions were successfully generated in Escherichia coli. The specific activities of variants were 6.44–10.24 fold of that of XynA-Tr, and their optimal temperature and pH were the same as XynA-Tr. Three truncated variants released more xylooligosaccharides, especially xylobiose (46.33, 43.41, and 49.60%), than XynA-Tr (32.43%). These results are helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of C60, and also provide new insight to improve the yields of short xylooligosaccharides by molecular modification at the terminal of xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kungang Pan
- Qilu Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jinan 250200, China;
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Shanzheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Zhao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Junhao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Zhengjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.S.); (T.L.); (Z.Z.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junqi Zhao
- Qilu Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jinan 250200, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
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