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Varzandeh M, Sabouri L, Mansouri V, Gharibshahian M, Beheshtizadeh N, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. Application of nano-radiosensitizers in combination cancer therapy. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10498. [PMID: 37206240 PMCID: PMC10189501 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiosensitizers are compounds or nanostructures, which can improve the efficiency of ionizing radiation to kill cells. Radiosensitization increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to radiation-induced killing, while simultaneously reducing the potentially damaging effect on the cellular structure and function of the surrounding healthy tissues. Therefore, radiosensitizers are therapeutic agents used to boost the effectiveness of radiation treatment. The complexity and heterogeneity of cancer, and the multifactorial nature of its pathophysiology has led to many approaches to treatment. The effectiveness of each approach has been proven to some extent, but no definitive treatment to eradicate cancer has been discovered. The current review discusses a broad range of nano-radiosensitizers, summarizing possible combinations of radiosensitizing NPs with several other types of cancer therapy options, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks, challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Varzandeh
- Department of Materials EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahanIran
| | - Leila Sabouri
- AmitisGen TECH Dev GroupTehranIran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Student Research CommitteeSchool of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Department of Tissue EngineeringSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgDoornfonteinSouth Africa
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Research Center for ImmunodeficienciesChildren's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Therapeutic Effects and Repair Mechanism of HGF Gene-Transfected Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Injured Endometrium. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:5744538. [PMID: 35422866 PMCID: PMC9005300 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5744538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies on the advantages of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that secrete various paracrine factors for repairing endometrial injury. However, the stability and effectiveness of MSCs require improvement to become a viable therapy. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), one of the cytokines secreted by MSCs, promotes vascular repair and mesenchymal to epithelial transformation (MET). Therefore, HGF likely promotes the repair process of the endometrium. We prepared MSCs transfected with the HGF gene to explore its repair effects and mechanism using a damaged endometrium mouse model. HGF gene-transfected MSCs were prepared by electroporation. The transfected MSCs retained their cellular characteristics and significantly increased the expression of HGF (
). HGF gene-transfected MSCs helped damaged endometrium to recover its morphological characteristics, improved proliferation and decreased apoptosis of endometrial cells, increased the expression of endometrial vascular growth-related factors, and activated phosphorylated c-Met and AKT in the mouse endometrial damage model (
). Compared with normal MSCs, HGF gene-transfected MSCs produced a more significant effect on damaged endometrial epithelium repair by activating the HGF/c-Met and downstream signaling pathways. Our results indicate that HGF gene-transfected MSCs provide an effective and promising tool for injured endometrium therapy.
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Ni M, Li J, Zhao H, Xu F, Cheng J, Yu M, Ke G, Wu X. BRD4 inhibition sensitizes cervical cancer to radiotherapy by attenuating DNA repair. Oncogene 2021; 40:2711-2724. [PMID: 33712705 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy is the recommended treatment for local advanced cervical cancer, but radioresistance remains one of the most important and unresolved clinical problems. Investigations have revealed aberrant epigenetic modifications as one of the chief culprits for the development of radioresistance. Here, we attempt to identify a radiosensitizer from an epigenetic drug synergy screen and explore the underlying mechanism. We integrated epigenetic inhibitors and radiotherapy in cervical cancer cell lines to identify potential radiosensitizers. We further verified the sensitization effect of the drug and the function of its target gene both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we validated the clinical significance of its target gene in clinical cervical cancer specimens. We identified JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor, as a potent radiosensitizer. Functional assays demonstrated that repressing BRD4 activity led to significant radiosensitization and potentiation of DNA damage in cervical cancer cell lines. By using RNA-seq to determine JQ1-mediated changes in transcription, we identified RAD51AP1 as a major BRD4 target gene involved in radiosensitivity. A dual-luciferase reporter assay and ChIP-qPCR showed that BRD4 binds to the promoter region of RAD51AP1 and promotes its transcription, whereas this activity was attenuated by BRD4 inhibition. The in vivo experiments also suggested a synergy between BRD4 inhibition and radiotherapy. High BRD4 expression was found to be related to a worse prognosis and radiation resistance. BRD4 inhibition sensitizes cervical cancer to radiotherapy by inhibiting RAD51AP1 transcription. The combination of JQ1 with radiotherapy merits further evaluation as a therapeutic strategy for improving local control in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdong Ni
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyun Zhao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihao Ke
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhuang H, Shi S, Guo Y, Wang Z. Increase of secondary mutations may be a drug-resistance mechanism for lung adenocarcinoma after radiation therapy combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J Cancer 2019; 10:5371-5376. [PMID: 31632481 PMCID: PMC6775686 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate changes in the secondary mutations of tumor in a drug-resistance mechanism for lung adenocarcinoma after radiation therapy combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Methods: Lung adenocarcinoma cell line PC9 in vitro and xenograft model in nude mice were used to observe tumor inhibitory effects and drug-resistance under the effect of radiation therapy combined with erlotinib through apoptosis detection through in vitro survival curve and in vivo growth curve; changes in gene mutations before and after drug-resistance in nude mice xenografts were observed by the next generation sequencing, and the relationship between cancer drug-resistance and radiation therapy combined with TKI was observed. Results: Radiation therapy combined with erlotinib had a more reliable radio-sensitizing effect in vitro and in vivo, however, there were several drug-resistant tumor cells. Meanwhile, radiation therapy combined with erlotinib could significantly increase the number of mutations in tumor genes. The whole genome sequencing showed that the secondary mutation in the combined treatment group significantly increased in comparison with those of the single treatment group and the blank control group. Conclusion: The increase of secondary mutations may be an important drug-resistance mechanism for lung adenocarcinoma after radiation therapy combined with TKI, which provided further space exploration under the combined action of radiation and TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Shi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, US
| | - Yihang Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Zhuang H. Research progress on the impact of radiation on TKI resistance mechanisms in NSCLC. J Cancer 2018; 9:3797-3801. [PMID: 30405851 PMCID: PMC6216000 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is often accompanied by various genetic alterations, and radiation is an important weapon for changing the DNA of tumor cells. In radiotherapy combined with TKI therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the two treatment strategies affect and interact with each other, resulting in complex tumor resistance mechanisms. Accordingly, tumor progression management after radiotherapy combined with TKI therapy should be different from that after TKI therapy alone. However, current clinical practice is entirely based on the resistance mechanisms of simple TKI therapy. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the impact of radiation on the mechanism of TKI resistance. However, due to the complexity of the resistance mechanisms under the combined effect of both therapies, such studies remain extremely challenging and time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhuang H, Bai J, Chang JY, Yuan Z, Wang P. MTOR inhibition reversed drug resistance after combination radiation with erlotinib in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84688-84694. [PMID: 27713162 PMCID: PMC5356691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of mTOR inhibition on drug resistance in lung adenocarcinoma after combined radiation and erlotinib therapy. Results Combined radiation and erlotinib therapy produced clear radiosensitization effects both in vitro and in vivo; however, tumor cells remained drug resistant. Additionally, combined radiation and erlotinib therapy significantly increased p-AKT and p-P70 levels. After mTOR inhibition, the number of surviving cells significantly decreased compared with that before inhibition, and the in vivo growth curve was significantly reduced. Methods The effects of combined radiation and erlotinib therapy on tumor inhibition and drug resistance were evaluated by in vitro survival curves in PC9 lung adenocarcinoma cell line and in vivo growth curves in nude mouse xenograft tumor model respectively. The association between tumor drug resistance and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway was measured by western blot, assessing the changes in protein kinase B (AKT), phosphor-AKT (p-AKT), P70, and p-P70 protein levels. MTOR was inhibited using everolimus, and changes in AKT, p-AKT, P70, and p-P70 levels were observed. Furthermore, changes in in vitro survival curves, and in vivo growth curves before and after mTOR inhibition were evaluated to confirm its effects on drug resistance in lung adenocarcinoma after combined radiation and TKI therapy. Conclusion mTOR was associated with drug resistance in lung adenocarcinoma after radiation combined with TKI, and MTOR inhibition reversed drug resistance in lung adenocarcinoma after combined radiation and TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhuang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Baotou Cancer Hospital, Neimenggu, China
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
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Wang H, Mu X, He H, Zhang XD. Cancer Radiosensitizers. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:24-48. [PMID: 29224916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay treatment for many types of cancer, although it is still a large challenge to enhance radiation damage to tumor tissue and reduce side effects to healthy tissue. Radiosensitizers are promising agents that enhance injury to tumor tissue by accelerating DNA damage and producing free radicals. Several strategies have been exploited to develop highly effective and low-toxicity radiosensitizers. In this review, we highlight recent progress on radiosensitizers, including small molecules, macromolecules, and nanomaterials. First, small molecules are reviewed based on free radicals, pseudosubstrates, and other mechanisms. Second, nanomaterials, such as nanometallic materials, especially gold-based materials that have flexible surface engineering and favorable kinetic properties, have emerged as promising radiosensitizers. Finally, emerging macromolecules have shown significant advantages in RT because these molecules can be combined with biological therapy as well as drug delivery. Further research on the mechanisms of radioresistance and multidisciplinary approaches will accelerate the development of radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Number 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China; These authors have contributed equally
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; These authors have contributed equally
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.
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