1
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Qin M, Ma L, Du W, Chen D, Luo G, Liu Z. Cytoplasmatic Localization of Six1 in Male Testis and Spermatogonial Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:298-308. [PMID: 38225887 PMCID: PMC11361848 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) is an important factor for embryonic development and carcinoma malignancy. However, the localization of Six1 varies due to protein size and cell types in different organs. In this study, we focus on the expression and localization of Six1 in male reproductive organ via bioinformatics analysis and immunofluorescent detection. The potential interacted proteins with Six1 were also predicted by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and Enrichr analysis. Bioinformatic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression project databases showed that SIX1 was highly expressed in normal human testis, but low expressed in the testicular germ cell tumor sample. Human Protein Atlas examination verified that SIX1 level was higher in normal than that in cancer samples. The sub-localization of SIX1 in different reproductive tissues varies but specifically in the cytoplasm and membrane in testicular cells. In mouse cells, single cell RNA-sequencing data analysis indicated that Six1 expression level was higher in mouse spermatogonial stem cells (mSSCs) and differentiating spermatogonial than in other somatic cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed the cytoplasmic localization of Six1 in mouse testis and mSSCs. Further PPIs and Enrichr examination showed the potential interaction of Six1 with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) and catenin Beta-1 (CtnnB1) and stem cell signal pathways. Cytoplasmic localization of Six1 in male testis and mSSCs was probably associated with stem cell related proteins Bmp4 and CtnnB1 for stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Qin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Women and Children Hospital), Foshan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linzi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Dingyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoqun Luo
- Reproductive Medical Center, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University (Foshan Women and Children Hospital), Foshan, China
| | - Zhaoting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Bian Z, Benjamin MM, Bialousow L, Tian Y, Hobbs GA, Karan D, Choo YM, Hamann MT, Wang X. Targeting sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1): A review of oncogenic roles and potential natural product therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33204. [PMID: 39022099 PMCID: PMC11252760 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeoprotein 1 (SIX1), a prominent representative of the homeodomain transcription factors within the SIX family, has attracted significant interest owing to its role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and prognostic assessments. Initially recognized for its pivotal role in embryonic development, SIX1 has emerged as a resurgent factor across a diverse set of mammalian cancers. Over the past two decades, numerous investigations have emphasized SIX1's dual significance as a developmental regulator and central player in oncogenic processes. A mounting body of evidence links SIX1 to the initiation of diverse cancers, encompassing enhanced cellular metabolism and advancement. This review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of SIX1 in both normal development and oncogenic processes, emphasizing its importance as a possible therapeutic target and prognostic marker. Additionally, this review discusses the natural product agents that inhibit various pro-oncogenic mechanisms associated with SIX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Menny M. Benjamin
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lucas Bialousow
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yintai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - G. Aaron Hobbs
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dev Karan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark T. Hamann
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
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3
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Qi H, Chen Z, Qin Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li Y. Tanshinone IIA inhibits cell growth by suppressing SIX1‑induced aerobic glycolysis in non‑small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:184. [PMID: 35527783 PMCID: PMC9073574 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Provincial Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 253800, P.R. China
| | - Yuhuan Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Hebei Provincial Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 253800, P.R. China
| | - Xianlei Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Technology and Education, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Yazhai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
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4
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Zhu G, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lin Z, Piao Y. The Significance of SIX1 as a Prognostic Biomarker for Survival Outcome in Various Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:622331. [PMID: 34745930 PMCID: PMC8567106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.622331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 1 (SIX1) is reported to promote cancer initiation and progression in many preclinical models and is demonstrated in human cancer tissues. However, the correlation between SIX1 and cancer patients’ prognosis has not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in various human cancer types and extracted some data from TCGA datasets for further verification and perfection. We constructed 27 studies and estimated the association between SIX1 expression in various cancer patients’ overall survival and verified with TCGA datasets. Twenty-seven studies with 4899 patients are include in the analysis of overall, and disease-free survival, most of them were retrospective. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and disease-free survival in high SIX1 expression patients were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.32-1.80, P<0.00001) and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.31-2.55, P=0.0004) respectively. On subgroup analysis classified in cancer type, high SIX1 expression was associated with poor overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.50; 95% CI: 1.17-1.93, P =0.001), breast cancer (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.10-1.55, P =0.002) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.42-2.52, P<0.0001). Next, we utilized TCGA online datasets, and the consistent results were verified in various cancer types. SIX1 expression indicated its potential to serve as a cancer biomarker and deliver prognostic information in various cancer patients. More works still need to improve the understandings of SIX1 expression and prognosis in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China.,Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yingshi Piao
- Tumor Research Center, Medical School of Yanbian University, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology of High Frequency Oncology in Ethnic Minority Areas (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanji, China.,Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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5
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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6
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Liao Y, Liu Y, Shao Z, Xia X, Deng Y, Cai J, Yao L, He J, Yu C, Hu T, Sun W, Liu F, Tang D, Liu J, Huang H. A new role of GRP75-USP1-SIX1 protein complex in driving prostate cancer progression and castration resistance. Oncogene 2021; 40:4291-4306. [PMID: 34079090 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer with limited treatment option in males. Although the reactivation of embryonic signals in adult cells is one of the characteristics of cancer, the underlying protein degradation mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that the molecular chaperone GRP75 is a key player in PC cells by maintaining the protein stability of SIX1, a transcription factor for embryonic development. Mechanistically, GRP75 provides a platform to recruit the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 to inhibit K48-linked polyubiquitination of SIX1. Structurally, the C-terminus of GRP75 (433-679 aa) contains a peptide binding domain, which is required for the formation of GRP75-USP1-SIX1 protein complex. Functionally, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the GRP75-USP1-SIX1 protein complex suppresses tumor growth and overcomes the castration resistance of PC cells in vitro and in xenograft mouse models. Clinically, the protein expression of SIX1 in PC tumor tissues is positively correlated with the expression of GRP75 and USP1. These new findings not only enhance our understanding of the protein degradation mechanism, but also may provide a potential way to enhance the anti-cancer activity of androgen suppression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenlong Shao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Xia
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfei Deng
- Department of Pathology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyu Cai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leyi Yao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinchan He
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuifu Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tumei Hu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenshuang Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Li W, Qin Y, Zhou R, Liu Y, Zhang G. High expression of SIX1 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in endometrial cancer. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:2840-2848. [PMID: 34017447 PMCID: PMC8129400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The overexpression of transcription factor Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) is discovered in various malignant tumors and has been known to be closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This study aims to determine the role of SIX1 in endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: In this study, we analyzed the SIX1 expression profile and the correlation with the corresponding clinical characteristics of EC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) databases. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to analyze the difference between tumor group and control group. The potential biological processes or signaling pathways related to SIX1 activity in EC was also assessed. Results: The results showed that SIX1 was overexpressed in EC tissues compared to normal tissues (P=2.029e-15, P=6.25e-6). The SIX1 level was correlated with tumor grade (P=2.91e-4), peritoneal cytology (P=0.005), and the subsequent tumor surgery (P=1.169e-4). SIX1 expression was negatively associated with overall survival rate (P=4.241e-4, P=0.000241) and served as an independent factor that affected EC overall survival rate (P=0.005063), similar to other factors such as age, Figo stage, and tumor (T) stage. SIX1 participates in cancer pathogenesis through gene regulation that involves PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling, mitotic spindle, G2M checkpoint, E2F targets, NOTCH signaling, glycolysis, cholesterol homeostasis, DNA repair and early estrogen response. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that SIX1 is overexpressed in EC and associated with adverse clinicopathological outcomes, which can function as an independent factor for EC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao UniversityWeihai 264200, Shandong, China
| | - Yujing Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao UniversityWeihai 264200, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250012, Shandong, China
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8
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Yu T, Song J, Zhou H, Wu T, Liang Z, Du P, Liu CY, Wang G, Cui L, Liu Y. Nuclear TEAD4 with SIX1 Overexpression is an Independent Prognostic Marker in the Stage I-III Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1581-1589. [PMID: 33628048 PMCID: PMC7898202 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s260790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stage I–III colorectal cancer patients are under risk of tumor recurrence and metachronous metastasis after radical surgery. An increased expression of transcription factor TEAD4 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. However, the mechanistic role of TEAD4 in driving colon cancer progression and its prognostic value in early stage of CRC remains unclear. Methods In this study, the regulation, function and prognostic significance of TEAD4 and its new direct target gene SIX1 in CRC progression were evaluated using human tissues, molecular and cell biology. Results We show that TEAD4 directly upregulates the expression of SIX1 at transcriptional level in CRC cells, establishing that SIX1 is a new direct target gene of TEAD4. TEAD4 promotes EMT and cell migration of CRC cells, while SIX1 knockdown attenuates this effect and SIX1 overexpression enhances this effect, indicating that SIX1 mediates the function of TEAD4 in promoting cell migration in CRC cells. Clinically, nuclear TEAD4, overexpression of SIX1 and nuclear TEAD4 with SIX1 overexpression predict poor prognosis in CRC patients. Discussion Our study identifies TEAD4-SIX1-CDH1 form a novel signaling axis, which contributes to CRC progression, and its aberrant expression and activation predicts poor prognostic for CRC patients in stage I–III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglue Song
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ying Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Cao Y, Zhang R, Luo X, Yang Y. LncRNA PART1 promotes lung squamous cell carcinoma progression via miR-185-5p/Six1 axis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:960-976. [PMID: 33300377 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120979032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the long non-coding RNA prostate androgen regulated transcript 1 (lncRNA PART1) is involved in the tumorigenesis of various cancers. However, little is known about its function and molecular mechanism in the development of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In this study, we examined the expression of PART1 in LSCC clinical tissue samples and cell lines, and gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to explore the function of PART1 in LSCC proliferation, invasion and migration. We found that PART1 was overexpressed in both LSCC tissues and cell lines. Functional studies revealed that PART1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and migration but enhanced apoptosis in LSCC cells, whereas overexpression of PART1 showed the opposite results. Mechanistically, we identified that PART1 acted as a sponge of miR-185-5p, and sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) was a direct downstream target of miR-185-5p. Moreover, restoration of miR-185-5p or silencing of Six1 partially abolished the oncogenic effect of PART1 in LSCC cells. Clinically, The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of PART1, miR-185-5p, and Six1 were 0.7857, 0.7332, 0.8112, respectively. Notably, high PART1, low miR-185-5p, and high Six1 expressions were significantly associated with severe clinical parameters and were the independent risk factors for poor prognosis of LSCC patients. Thus, we concluded that the PART1/miR-185-5p/Six1 axis might serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 159431Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - R Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 159431Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 159431Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 159431Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Negative regulators of cell death pathways in cancer: perspective on biomarkers and targeted therapies. Apoptosis 2019; 23:93-112. [PMID: 29322476 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a primary cause of human fatality and conventional cancer therapies, e.g., chemotherapy, are often associated with adverse side-effects, tumor drug-resistance, and recurrence. Molecularly targeted therapy, composed of small-molecule inhibitors and immunotherapy (e.g., monoclonal antibody and cancer vaccines), is a less harmful alternative being more effective against cancer cells whilst preserving healthy tissues. Drug-resistance, however, caused by negative regulation of cell death signaling pathways, is still a challenge. Circumvention of negative regulators of cell death pathways or development of predictive and response biomarkers is, therefore, quintessential. This review critically discusses the current state of knowledge on targeting negative regulators of cell death signaling pathways including apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and anoikis and evaluates the recent advances in clinical and preclinical research on biomarkers of negative regulators. It aims to provide a comprehensive platform for designing efficacious polytherapies including novel agents for restoring cell death signaling pathways or targeting alternative resistance pathways to improve the chances for antitumor responses. Overall, it is concluded that nonapoptotic cell death pathways are a potential research arena for drug discovery, development of novel biomarkers and targeted therapies.
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11
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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Yu C, Zhang B, Li YL, Yu XR. SIX1 reduces the expression of PTEN via activating PI3K/AKT signal to promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Cheng Q, Ning D, Chen J, Li X, Chen XP, Jiang L. SIX1 and DACH1 influence the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma through regulating p53. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:381-390. [PMID: 29333942 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1423920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTS This research aimed to explore effects of SIX1 and DACH1 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle. Fifty paired hepatocellular carcinoma tissues were screened for differentially expressed genes. SIX1 and DACH1 expressions were subjected to qRT-PCR and western blot in tumor tissues and cells. The knockdown efficiency of siRNAs and transfection efficiency of cDNAs and siRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR and western blot as well. Then colony formation assay and flow cytometry were applied to observe cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes. Immunofluorescence co-localization and immunoprecipitation were used to analyze the interaction between proteins which was quantified using western blot. Effects of SIX1 and DACH1 on tumor growth and their expressions in tumors were confirmed in vitro in nude mice model. Results of these experiments showed that SIX1 was overexpressed while DACH1 was suppressed in HCC tissues and cells. The suppression of SIX1 and overexpression of DACH1 not only inhibited cell proliferation, but also induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase compared with control group. Results of immunofluorescence co-localization suggested that SIX1, p53 and DACH1 were significantly overlapped. Immunoprecipitation showed that DACH1 (marked with Flag tag) could pull down p53 and SIX1, but SIX1 (marked with His tag) could only pull down DACH1, which indicated that an indirect regulation between SIX1 and p53. Validated with western blot afterwards, DACH1 overexpression suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo by up-regulating p53 expression while SIX1 overexpression accelerated tumor growth by down-regulating p53 expression. Therefore, the decrease of SIX1 facilitated the expression of DACH1, thus activated the expression of p53 and suppressed the progression of HCC both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- a Hepatic Surgery Center , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Deng Ning
- b Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jin Chen
- a Hepatic Surgery Center , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Xue Li
- c Department of Clinical Immunology , School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- a Hepatic Surgery Center , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Li Jiang
- b Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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Zhu Q, Li H, Li Y, Jiang L. MicroRNA-30a functions as tumor suppressor and inhibits the proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells by down-regulation of SIX1. Hum Cell 2017; 30:290-299. [PMID: 28573504 PMCID: PMC5646142 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increasing reports have demonstrated that aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is found in multiple human cancers. Many studies have shown that down-regulated level of miR-30a is in a variety of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the precise mechanisms of miR-30a in PCa have not been well explored. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and molecular mechanism of miR-30a in PCa cell lines, discussing whether it could be a therapeutic biomarker of PCa in the future. We found that miR-30a is down-regulated in PCa tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the low level of miR-30a was associated with increased expression of SIX1 in PCa tissues and cell lines. Up-regulation of miR-30a significantly inhibited proliferation of PCa cells. In addition, invasion of PCa cells was suppressed by overexpression of miR-30a. However, down-regulation of miR-30a promoted cell growth and invasion of PCa cells. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the SIX1 was a potential target gene of miR-30a. Next, luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-30a could directly target SIX1. Consistent with the effect of miR-30a, down-regulation of SIX1 by siRNA inhibited proliferation and invasion of PCa cells. Overexpression of SIX1 in PCa cells partially reversed the effect of miR-30a mimic. In conclusion, introduction of miR-30a dramatically inhibited proliferation and invasion of PCa cells by down-regulating SIX1 expression, and that down-regulation of SIX1 was essential for inhibition of cell growth and invasion of PCa cells by overexpression of miR-30a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghuan Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Road, Hebei, 061000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Road, Hebei, 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Road, Hebei, 061000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lining Jiang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16 Xinhua Road, Hebei, 061000, People's Republic of China
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Suen AA, Jefferson WN, Wood CE, Padilla-Banks E, Bae-Jump VL, Williams CJ. SIX1 Oncoprotein as a Biomarker in a Model of Hormonal Carcinogenesis and in Human Endometrial Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:849-58. [PMID: 27259717 PMCID: PMC5025359 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The oncofetal protein sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a developmental transcription factor associated with carcinogenesis in several human cancer types but has not been investigated in human endometrial cancer. In a model of hormonal carcinogenesis, mice neonatally exposed to the soy phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) or the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop endometrial cancer as adults. Previously, we demonstrated that SIX1 becomes aberrantly expressed in the uteri of these mice. Here, we used this mouse model to investigate the role of SIX1 expression in endometrial carcinoma development and used human tissue microarrays to explore the utility of SIX1 as a biomarker in human endometrial cancer. In mice neonatally exposed to GEN or DES, the Six1 transcript level increased dramatically over time in uteri at 6, 12, and 18 months of age and was associated with development of endometrial carcinoma. SIX1 protein localized within abnormal basal cells and all atypical hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. These findings indicate that developmental estrogenic chemical exposure induces persistent endometrial SIX1 expression that is strongly associated with abnormal cell differentiation and cancer development. In human endometrial tissue specimens, SIX1 was not present in normal endometrium but was expressed in a subset of endometrial cancers in patients who were also more likely to have late-stage disease. These findings identify SIX1 as a disease biomarker in a model of hormonal carcinogenesis and suggest that SIX1 plays a role in endometrial cancer development in both mice and women. IMPLICATIONS The SIX1 oncoprotein is aberrantly expressed in the endometrium following developmental exposure to estrogenic chemicals, correlates with uterine cancer, and is a biomarker in human endometrial cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 849-58. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Suen
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Wendy N. Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Charles E. Wood
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27709
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Victoria L. Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Xu HX, Wu KJ, Tian YJ, Liu Q, Han N, He XL, Yuan X, Wu GS, Wu KM. Expression profile of SIX family members correlates with clinic-pathological features and prognosis of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4085. [PMID: 27399099 PMCID: PMC5058828 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sineoculis homeobox homolog (SIX) family proteins, including SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, and SIX6, have been implicated in the initiation and progression of breast cancer, but the role of each member in breast tumor is not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the mRNA levels of all 6 members and clinic-pathological characteristics and clinical outcome of breast cancer patients based on the PRISMA statement criteria.ArrayExpress and Oncomine were searched for eligible databases published up to December 10, 2015. The association between the mRNA expression of SIX family members and clinic-pathological features and prognosis was measured by the odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA software.In total, 20 published Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases with 3555 patients were analyzed. Our analysis revealed that patients with SIX1 overexpression had worse overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03-1.58) and shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.56), and much worse prognosis for luminal breast cancer patients with SIX1 overexpression (OS: HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39; RFS: HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06-1.93). We found that patients with higher SIX2 level had shorter time to both relapse and metastasis. However, high SIX3 mRNA level was a protective factor for OS and RFS of basal-like breast cancer patients.Our study suggested that members of SIX family played distinct roles in breast cancer. Detailed analysis of the expression of the SIX family members might provide useful information to predict breast cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Kong-Ju Wu
- Nursing School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan
| | - Yi-Jun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Xue-Lian He
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
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