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Shen Y, Zhou C, Cao Y, Li Q, Deng H, Gu S, Wu Y, Shen Z. Expression profile and prognostic value of CXCR family members in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:259. [PMID: 35978426 PMCID: PMC9382762 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXC chemokine receptor gene family consists of seven well-established members which are broadly involved in biological functions of various cancers. Currently, limited studies have shed light on the expression profile of CXCR family members (CXCRs), as well as their prognostic value, in head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods The data for this study were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas database and other publicly available databases, including gene expression, methylation profiles, clinical information, immunological features, and prognoses. The expression pattern and prognostic values of CXCRs were identified, and the potential mechanism underlying CXCRs function in HNSCC was investigated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results CXCRs were differentially expressed in HNSCC. As shown by Kaplan–Meier analysis, high CXCR3-6 expression was significantly associated with better prognostic outcomes of HNSCC patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. According to the results of univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis, it was demonstrated that upregulation of CXCR3-6 was an independent factor for better prognosis, while the two other clinical features, age and stage, were factors for worse prognosis. A significant positive correlation between CXCR3-6 and tumor-infiltrated immune cells was revealed by results from Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and CIBERSORT analysis database. The main involvement of CXCRs in immune and inflammatory responses was further confirmed by GSEA. Conclusions Overall, this study provided a rationale for targeting CXCRs as a promising therapeutic strategy of HNSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02713-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yidong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China. .,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China.
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Nassiri M, Behnam-Rasouli R, Vakili-Azghandi M, Gopalan V, Dolati P, Nourmohammadi R. Refined immunoRNases for the efficient targeting and selective killing of tumour cells: A novel strategy. Life Sci 2022; 289:120222. [PMID: 34902436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome limitations of conventional cancer therapy methods, immunotoxins with the capability of target-specific action have been designed and evaluated pre-clinically, and some of them are in clinical studies. Targeting cancer cells via antibodies specific for tumour-associated surface proteins is a new biomedical approach that could provide the selectivity that is lacking in conventional cancer therapy methods such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A successful example of an approved immunotoxin is represented by immunoRNases. ImmunoRNases are fusion proteins in which the toxin has been replaced by a ribonuclease. Conjugation of RNase molecule to monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment was shown to enhance specific cell-killing by several orders of magnitude, both in vitro and in animal models. There are several RNases obtained from different mammalian cells that are expected to be less immunogenic and systemically toxic. In fact, RNases are pro-toxins which become toxic only upon their internalization in target cells mediated by the antibody moiety. The structure and large size of the antibody molecules assembled with the immunoRNases have always been a challenge in the application of immunoRNases as an antitoxin. To overcome this obstacle, we have offered a new strategy for the application of immunoRNases as a promising approach for upgrading immunoRNAses with maximum affinity and high stability in the cell, which can ultimately act as an effective large-scale cancer treatment. In this review, we introduce the optimized antibody-like molecules with small size, approximately 10 kD, which are presumed to significantly enhance RNase activity and be a suitable agent with the potential for anti-cancer functionality. In addition, we also discuss new molecular entities such as monobody, anticalin, nonobody and affilin as refined versions in the development of immunoRNases. These small molecules express their functionality with the suitable small size as well as with low immunogenicity in the cell, as a part of immunoRNases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - Reihane Behnam-Rasouli
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Peyman Dolati
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Nourmohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Lorestan 68137-17133, Iran
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Kumar R, Katwal S, Sharma B, Sharma A, Puri S, Kamboj N, Kanwar SS. Purification, characterization and cytotoxic properties of a bacterial RNase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:665-676. [PMID: 33137384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An RNase produced by Bacillus safensis RB-5 was purified up to 22.32-fold by successive techniques of salting out, DEAE-anion exchange and gel permeation (Sephadex G-100) chromatography techniques with a yield of 2.27%. The purified RNase possessed a single band in SDS-PAGE (Mr ~ 60 kDa). The purified RNase showed optimal activity at temperature of 37 °C and pH 7.5 in the presence of substrate (Yeast RNA) and Mg2+ ions. The RNase activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and mildly by Fe2+, Ba2+ and Zn2+ ions. Its half-life was found to be 8 h at 37 °C. The RNase kinetics study showed Km and Vmax value of 0.3 mM and 9.2 μmol/mg/min, respectively. The purified RNase also showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities towards a few transformed cell lines. The purified RNase (IC50 0.035 U/mL) effectively inhibited RD and Hep-2C cells proliferation & migration, while sparing HEK 293 cells. The purified RNase was cytotoxic as well as effective degrader of the RNA of transformed RD cells at low concentration. Moreover, the purified RNase of B. safensis RB-5 was found to possess a little hemolytic activity towards human RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Sunita Katwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Bhupender Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India
| | - Sanjeev Puri
- Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering Division, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Nidhi Kamboj
- Stem Cells & Tissue Engineering Division, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Shamsher Singh Kanwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, India.
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Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Tomé-Amat J, Lázaro-Gorines R, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Inclusion of a Furin Cleavage Site Enhances Antitumor Efficacy against Colorectal Cancer Cells of Ribotoxin α-Sarcin- or RNase T1-Based Immunotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E593. [PMID: 31614771 PMCID: PMC6832446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules that combine the specificity of an antibody to recognize and bind tumor antigens with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, thus, promoting the death of target cells. Among them, RNases-based immunotoxins have arisen as promising antitumor therapeutic agents. In this work, we describe the production and purification of two new immunoconjugates, based on RNase T1 and the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin, with optimized properties for tumor treatment due to the inclusion of a furin cleavage site. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, ribonucleolytic activity studies, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and cell viability assays were carried out for structural and in vitro functional characterization. Our results confirm the enhanced antitumor efficiency showed by these furin-immunotoxin variants as a result of an improved release of their toxic domain to the cytosol, favoring the accessibility of both ribonucleases to their substrates. Overall, these results represent a step forward in the design of immunotoxins with optimized properties for potential therapeutic application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz-de-la-Herrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Lázaro-Gorines
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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A novel Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)-Targeted Trimeric Immunotoxin shows significantly enhanced Antitumor Activity in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11680. [PMID: 31406218 PMCID: PMC6690998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules, which combine antibody specificity to recognize and bind with high-affinity tumor-associated antigens (TAA) with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, in order to induce the death of target cells. Current immunotoxins present some limitations for cancer therapy, driving the need to develop new prototypes with optimized properties. Herein we describe the production, purification and characterization of two new immunotoxins based on the gene fusion of the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody MFE23 to α-sarcin, a potent fungal ribotoxin. One construct corresponds to a conventional monomeric single-chain immunotoxin design (IMTXCEAαS), while the other one takes advantage of the trimerbody technology and exhibits a novel trimeric format (IMTXTRICEAαS) with enhanced properties compared with their monomeric counterparts, including size, functional affinity and biodistribution, which endow them with an improved tumor targeting capacity. Our results show the highly specific cytotoxic activity of both immunotoxins in vitro, which was enhanced in the trimeric format compared to the monomeric version. Moreover, the trimeric immunotoxin also exhibited superior antitumor activity in vivo in mice bearing human colorectal cancer xenografts. Therefore, trimeric immunotoxins represent a further step in the development of next-generation therapeutic immunotoxins.
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