Long non-coding RNA SNHG6 regulates the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to paclitaxel by sponging miR-186

Long non-coding RNAs in drug resistance across the top five cancers: Update on their roles and mechanisms

Cancer drug resistance stands as a formidable obstacle in the relentless fight against the top five prevalent cancers: breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and gastric cancers. These malignancies collectively account for a significant portion of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal players in the intricate landscape of cancer biology, and their roles in driving drug resistance are steadily coming to light. This comprehensive review seeks to underscore the paramount significance of lncRNAs in orchestrating resistance across a spectrum of different cancer drugs, including platinum drugs (DDP), tamoxifen, trastuzumab, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), paclitaxel (PTX), and Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) across the most prevalent types of cancer. It delves into the multifaceted mechanisms through which lncRNAs exert their influence on drug resistance, shedding light on their regulatory roles in various facets of cancer biology. A comprehensive understanding of these lncRNA-mediated mechanisms may pave the way for more effective and personalized treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes in these challenging malignancies.

Molecular panorama of therapy resistance in prostate cancer: a pre-clinical and bioinformatics analysis for clinical translation

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant disorder of prostate gland being asymptomatic in early stages and high metastatic potential in advanced stages. The chemotherapy and surgical resection have provided favourable prognosis of PCa patients, but advanced and aggressive forms of PCa including CRPC and AVPC lack response to therapy properly, and therefore, prognosis of patients is deteriorated. At the advanced stages, PCa cells do not respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in a satisfactory level, and therefore, therapy resistance is emerged. Molecular profile analysis of PCa cells reveals the apoptosis suppression, pro-survival autophagy induction, and EMT induction as factors in escalating malignant of cancer cells and development of therapy resistance. The dysregulation in molecular profile of PCa including upregulation of STAT3 and PI3K/Akt, downregulation of STAT3, and aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs are determining factor for response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Because of prevalence of drug resistance in PCa, combination therapy including co-utilization of anti-cancer drugs and nanotherapeutic approaches has been suggested in PCa therapy. As a result of increase in DNA damage repair, PCa cells induce radioresistance and RelB overexpression prevents irradiation-mediated cell death. Similar to chemotherapy, nanomaterials are promising for promoting radiosensitivity through delivery of cargo, improving accumulation in PCa cells, and targeting survival-related pathways. In respect to emergence of immunotherapy as a new tool in PCa suppression, tumour cells are able to increase PD-L1 expression and inactivate NK cells in mediating immune evasion. The bioinformatics analysis for evaluation of drug resistance-related genes has been performed.

Long non-coding RNAs - SNHG6 emerge as potential marker in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the leading cancers in terms of incidence and mortality in the Western world. Currently, there are no sufficient diagnostic markers that would enable an early diagnosis and efficient therapy. Unfortunately, a significant number of new CRC cases is detected in late stages, with distant metastases, therefore, new therapeutic approaches, which would alleviate the prognosis for advanced stages of CRC, are highly in demand. SNHG6 belongs to the group of long non-coding RNAs, which are a larger entity of RNAs consisting of >200 nucleotides. SNHG6 is expressed mainly in the cell cytoplasm, where it acts as a regulator of numerous processes: modulation of crucial protein hubs; sponging miRNAs and upregulating the expression of their target mRNAs; and interacting with various cellular pathways including TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin. SNHG6 is an oncogene, substantially overexpressed in CRC tissues and cancerous cell lines as compared to healthy samples. Its overexpression is associated with higher grade, lymphovascular invasion and tumor size. Taking into consideration the role of SNHG6 in the colorectal tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis, we summarized its role in CRC and conclude that it could serve as a potential biomarker in CRC diagnosis and prognosis assessment.

Oncofetal reprogramming in tumor development and progression: novel insights into cancer therapy

Emerging evidence indicates that cancer cells can mimic characteristics of embryonic development, promoting their development and progression. Cancer cells share features with embryonic development, characterized by robust proliferation and differentiation regulated by signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, hedgehog, and Hippo signaling. In certain phase, these cells also mimic embryonic diapause and fertilized egg implantation to evade treatments or immune elimination and promote metastasis. Additionally, the upregulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, including multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP), in drug-resistant cancer cells, analogous to their role in placental development, may facilitate chemotherapy efflux, further resulting in treatment resistance. In this review, we concentrate on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to tumor development and progression from the perspective of embryonic development, encompassing the dysregulation of developmental signaling pathways, the emergence of dormant cancer cells, immune microenvironment remodeling, and the hyperactivation of ABC transporters. Furthermore, we synthesize and emphasize the connections between cancer hallmarks and embryonic development, offering novel insights for the development of innovative cancer treatment strategies.

LncRNA SNHG6 role in clinicopathological parameters in cancers

RNA sequencing has revealed that a substantial portion of the human genome undergoes transcription, yet a minimal fraction of these transcripts translates into proteins. LncRNAs, RNA molecules less than 200 nt in length, once deemed as transcriptional noise, have now emerged as crucial regulators of numerous cellular processes. This review focuses on the lncRNA SNHG6, aiming to elucidate its biogenesis, the pivotal roles it plays, and its mechanisms in facilitating the hallmarks of cancer. A comprehensive literature review and analysis were undertaken to delve into the biogenesis of SNHG6, its roles in cellular processes, and the mechanisms through which it contributes to the hallmarks of cancer. SNHG6 is a notable lncRNA, observed to be overexpressed in various cancer types; its perturbation has been linked to tumor progression, emphasizing its significance in oncogenesis. This lncRNA contributes to a range of cellular aberrations, influencing transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic processes of mRNA, ultimately driving cancerous transformations. LncRNA SNHG6 serves as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target due to its association with tumorigenesis. Understanding its mechanism and role in cancer can pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

A comprehensive insight into the role of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and SNHGs in human cancers

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which comprise most non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have recently become a focus of cancer research. How many functional ncRNAs exist is still a matter of debate. Although insufficient evidence supports that most lncRNAs function as transcriptional by-products, it is widely known that an increasing number of lncRNAs play essential roles in cells. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), 60-300 nucleotides in length, have been better studied than long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and are predominantly present in the nucleolus. Most snoRNAs are encoded in introns of protein- and non-protein-coding genes called small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs). In this article, we explore the biology and characteristics of SNHGs and their role in developing human malignancies. In addition, we provide an update on the ability of these snoRNAs to serve as prognostic and diagnostic variables in various forms of cancer.

A thorough understanding of the role of lncRNA in prostate cancer pathogenesis; Current knowledge and future research directions

In the entire world, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common and deadly cancers. Treatment failure is still common among patients, despite PCa diagnosis and treatment improvements. Inadequate early diagnostic markers and the emergence of resistance to conventional therapeutic approaches, particularly androgen-deprivation therapy, are the causes of this. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as an essential group of regulatory molecules, have been reported to be dysregulated through prostate tumorigenesis and hold great promise as diagnostic targets. Besides, lncRNAs regulate the malignant features of PCa cells, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. These multifunctional RNA molecules interact with other molecular effectors like miRNAs and transcription factors to modulate various signaling pathways, including AR signaling. This study aimed to compile new knowledge regarding the role of lncRNA through prostate tumorigenesis in terms of their effects on the various malignant characteristics of PCa cells; in light of these characteristics and the significant potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for PCa. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: Not applicable.

Paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer: Molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies

Prostate cancer is among most malignant tumors around the world and this urological tumor can be developed as result of genomic mutations and their accumulation during progression towards advanced stage. Due to lack of specific symptoms in early stages of prostate cancer, most cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages that tumor cells display low response to chemotherapy. Furthermore, genomic mutations in prostate cancer enhance the aggressiveness of tumor cells. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are suggested as well-known compounds for chemotherapy of prostate tumor and they possess a similar function in cancer therapy that is based on inhibiting depolymerization of microtubules, impairing balance of microtubules and subsequent delay in cell cycle progression. The aim of current review is to highlight mechanisms of paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer. When oncogenic factors such as CD133 display upregulation and PTEN as tumor-suppressor shows decrease in expression, malignancy of prostate tumor cells enhances and they can induce drug resistance. Furthermore, phytochemicals as anti-tumor compounds have been utilized in suppressing chemoresistance in prostate cancer. Naringenin and lovastatin are among the anti-tumor compounds that have been used for impairing progression of prostate tumor and enhancing drug sensitivity. Moreover, nanostructures such as polymeric micelles and nanobubbles have been utilized in delivery of anti-tumor compounds and decreasing risk of chemoresistance development. These subjects are highlighted in current review to provide new insight for reversing drug resistance in prostate cancer.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG6 silencing sensitized esophageal cancer cells to 5-FU via EZH2/STAT pathway

Chemotherapy was the main treatment method for esophageal cancer (EC) patients. However, chemotherapy resistance due to multiple factors is a major barrier to EC treatment. For investigating how small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) affected the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance in EC as well as its possible molecular mechanism. This work conducted cell viability assay, clone formation, scratch assays together with cell apoptosis for evaluating the roles of SNHG6 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2, the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase). Relevant molecular mechanism was identified by RT-qPCR analysis together with Western-blot (WB) assays. Our data showed that SNHG6 expression increased in EC cells. SNHG6 promotes colony formation and migration, whereas suppresses EC cell apoptosis. SNHG6 silencing markedly promoted 5-FU-mediated suppression on KYSE150 and KYSE450 cells. Additional mechanism studies showed that SNHG6 modulating STAT3 and H3K27me3 via promoting EZH2 level. Similar to the function of SNHG6, abnormal expression of EZH2 promotes the malignancy of EC and intensifies its resistance to 5-FU. In addition, overexpression of EZH2 abolished the role of SNHG6 silencing in 5-FU sensitivity in EC cells. SNHG6 overexpression promoted malignancy of EC and increased EC cell resistance to 5-FU. Besides, further molecular mechanism studies provided a novel regulatory pathways that SNHG6 knockdown promoted EC cell sensitivity to 5-FU by modulating STAT3 and H3K27me3 via promoting EZH2 expression.

Importance of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory transcripts with essential roles in the pathogenesis of almost all types of cancers, including prostate cancer. They can act as either oncogenic lncRNAs or tumor suppressor ones in prostate cancer. Small nucleolar RNA host genes are among the mostly assessed oncogenic lncRNAs in this cancer. PCA3 is an example of oncogenic lncRNAs that has been approved as a diagnostic marker in prostate cancer. A number of well-known oncogenic lncRNAs in other cancers such as DANCR, MALAT1, CCAT1, PVT1, TUG1 and NEAT1 have also been shown to act as oncogenes in prostate cancer. On the other hand, LINC00893, LINC01679, MIR22HG, RP1-59D14.5, MAGI2-AS3, NXTAR, FGF14-AS2 and ADAMTS9-AS1 are among lncRNAs that act as tumor suppressors in prostate cancer. LncRNAs can contribute to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer via modulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome degradation process of AR or other important signaling pathways. The current review summarizes the role of lncRNAs in the evolution of prostate cancer with an especial focus on their importance in design of novel biomarker panels and therapeutic targets.

LncRNA SNHG6 sponges miR-101 and induces tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells through induction of EMT

Acquired resistance is a major clinical challenge for tamoxifen-based therapy. In this study, we focused on lncRNA SNHG6 which plays a role in chemoresistance of cancer cells, but has never been investigated in the context of tamoxifen resistance. We found elevated levels of SNHG6 in tamoxifen-resistant estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells (MCF7TR), relative to naïve MCF-7 cells, as well as in tamoxifen-resistant T47D cells (T47DTR), relative to naïve T47D cells, which correlated with induced vimentin, ZEB1/2 and decreased e-cadherin, thus implicating a role of EMT in SNHG6-mediated tamoxifen resistance. Downregulation of SNHG6, using specific siRNA, sensitized MCF7TR as well as T47DTR cells to tamoxifen along with markedly reduced proliferation, invasion and anchorage-independent clonogenicity. Further, SNHG6 was found to sponge and inhibit miR-101 as the endogenous expression levels of SNHG6 and miR-101 inversely correlated in paired parental and tamoxifen-resistant cells and, moreover, silencing of SNHG6 in tamoxifen-resistant cells resulted in de-repression of miR-101, along with reversal of EMT. SNHG6 expression also directly correlated with increased stem cells markers Sox2, Oct4 and EZH2. miR-101 levels, manipulated by transfections with pre/anti-miR-101 oligos, directly affected tamoxifen sensitivity of ER-positive cells with pre-miR-101 sensitizing MCF7TR and T47DTR cells to tamoxifen whereas anti-miR-101 inducing resistance of parental MCF-7 and T47D cells to tamoxifen. Further, miR-101 was found to attenuate SNHG6-mediated effects on tamoxifen resistance, EMT as well as stem cell markers, thereby making a case for SNHG6-miR-101 axis in tamoxifen resistance of ER-positive breast cancer cells. Thus, lncRNA SNHG6 is a novel modulator of tamoxifen resistance through its sponging of miR-101 and the resulting effects on EMT.

Noncoding RNAs and their therapeutics in paclitaxel chemotherapy: Mechanisms of initiation, progression, and drug sensitivity

The identification of agents that can reverse drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy, and enhance the overall efficacy is of great interest. Paclitaxel (PTX) belongs to taxane family that exerts an antitumor effect by stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting cell cycle progression. However, PTX resistance often develops in tumors due to the overexpression of drug transporters and tumor-promoting pathways. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are modulators of many processes in cancer cells, such as apoptosis, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis. In the present study, we summarize the effects of ncRNAs on PTX chemotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can have opposite effects on PTX resistance (stimulation or inhibition) via influencing YES1, SK2, MRP1, and STAT3. Moreover, miRNAs modulate the growth and migration rates of tumor cells in regulating PTX efficacy. PIWI-interacting RNAs, small interfering RNAs, and short-hairpin RNAs are other members of ncRNAs regulating PTX sensitivity of cancer cells. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are similar to miRNAs and can modulate PTX resistance/sensitivity by their influence on miRNAs and drug efflux transport. The cytotoxicity of PTX against tumor cells can also be affected by circular RNAs (circRNAs) and limitation is that oncogenic circRNAs have been emphasized and experiments should also focus on onco-suppressor circRNAs.

A novel ferroptosis-related lncRNA signature for prognosis prediction in gastric cancer

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant cancer with a poor prognosis. Ferroptosis has been shown to play crucial roles in GC development. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is also associated with tumor progression in GC. This study aimed to screen the prognostic ferroptosis-related lncRNAs and to construct a prognostic risk model for GC.

Methods

Ferroptosis-related lncRNAs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GC expression data was downloaded. First, single factor Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to select seven prognostic ferroptosis-related lncRNAs from TCGA database. And then, the selected lncRNAs were further included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to establish the prognostic model. A nomogram was constructed to predict individual survival probability. Finally, we performed quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to verify the risk model.

Results

We constructed a prognostic ferroptosis-related lncRNA signature in this study. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed a significantly better prognosis for the low-risk group than for the high-risk group (P = 2.036e-05). Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis demonstrated that risk score was an independent prognostic factor [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.798, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.410–2.291, P < 0.001]. A nomogram, receiver operating characteristic curve, and principal component analysis were used to predict individual prognosis. Finally, the expression levels of AP003392.1, AC245041.2, AP001271.1, and BOLA3-AS1 in GC cell lines and normal cell lines were tested by qRT-PCR.

Conclusions

This risk model was shown to be a novel method for predicting prognosis for GC patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08975-2.

Role of non-coding RNAs in modulating the response of cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic substance that is administered for treatment of an extensive spectrum of human malignancies. In spite of its potent short-term effects against tumor cells, resistance to paclitaxel occurs in a number of patients precluding its long-term application in these patients. Non-coding RNAs have been shown to influence response of cancer cells to this chemotherapeutic agent via different mechanisms. Mechanistically, these transcripts regulate expression of several genes particularly those being involved in the apoptotic processes. Lots of in vivo and in vitro assays have demonstrated the efficacy of oligonucleotide-mediated microRNAs (miRNA)/ long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) silencing in enhancement of response of cancer cells to paclitaxel. Therefore, targeted therapies against non-coding RNAs have been suggested as applicable modalities for combatting resistance to this agent. In the present review, we provide a summary of studies which assessed the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in conferring resistance to paclitaxel.

LncRNA MIR205HG Drives Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Regulating miR-214/SOX4 Axis

Background

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common and fatal malignancy, which has posed a great challenge to public health, especially in China. Dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs is involved in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of multiple cancers including ESCC. However, little is known about the function of MIR205HG in ESCC.

Methods

We used qRT-PCR to detect the expression level of MIR205HG, miR-214, and SOX4 in human ESCC tissues and cell lines. Loss-of-functional assays were performed to test the impact of MIR205HG on cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis process via CCK-8, transwell, and flow cell cytometry assays. Additionally, the downstream molecular mechanism of MIR205HG in ESCC was explored.

Results

Here, we found MIR205HG was substantially up-regulated in ESCC, and there was a positive correlation between MIR205HG expression and tumor size and lymphatic metastasis of ESCC patients. Inhibition of MIR205HG attenuated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Silencing MIR205HG increased G1 phase cell counts and decreased S phase cell counts, along with increased apoptotic cell populations. Notably, the rescue assays indicated that miR-214 could partly reverse the influence of MIR205HG on ESCC cell migration. We also found that SOX4 was a direct target mRNA of miR-214, and MIR205HG could act as a molecular sponge to regulate SOX4 expression in ESCC.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings demonstrate that MIR205HG promotes ESCC progression by regulating the miR-214/SOX4 axis. MIR205HG may be a novel candidate target for ESCC diagnosis and therapy.

SNHG6 Interacted with miR-325-3p to Regulate Cisplatin Resistance of Gastric Cancer by Targeting GITR

Background

Cisplatin resistance results in the failure of platinum-based chemotherapy and relapse of gastric cancer. We aimed to investigate the potential regulating role of SNHG6/miR-325-3p/GITR in reversing cisplatin resistance.

Patients and Methods

A total of 137 gastric cancer patients were recruited. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to test the expression of target genes. CCK-8 and caspase 3/7 kit were used to test the cell viability and apoptosis rate. Dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA-pull down assay were used to investigate the potential interaction between target genes.

Results

SNHG6 and GITR were up regulated in gastric cancer; however, miR-325-3p was down-regulated. Besides, SNHG6, miR-325-3p and GITR expression were associated with gastric cancer prognosis. Then, we found that GITR and SNHG6 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of MKN45 and MKN45 cisplatin resistance cell line; however, miR-325-3p inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of these cell lines. Furthermore, SNHG6 might bind to miR-325-3p to regulate its expression, and miR-325-3p directly interacted with the 3`UTR of GITR.

Conclusion

SNHG6 binds to miR-325-3p, which directly interacted with GITR to regulate cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer.

Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance

The taxane family of chemotherapy drugs has been used to treat a variety of mostly epithelial-derived tumors and remain the first-line treatment for some cancers. Despite the improved survival time and reduction of tumor size observed in some patients, many have no response to the drugs or develop resistance over time. Taxane resistance is multi-faceted and involves multiple pathways in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and the transport of foreign substances. In this review, we dive deeper into hypothesized resistance mechanisms from research during the last decade, with a focus on the cancer types that use taxanes as first-line treatment but frequently develop resistance to them. Furthermore, we will discuss current clinical inhibitors and those yet to be approved that target key pathways or proteins and aim to reverse resistance in combination with taxanes or individually. Lastly, we will highlight taxane response biomarkers, specific genes with monitored expression and correlated with response to taxanes, mentioning those currently being used and those that should be adopted. The future directions of taxanes involve more personalized approaches to treatment by tailoring drug-inhibitor combinations or alternatives depending on levels of resistance biomarkers. We hope that this review will identify gaps in knowledge surrounding taxane resistance that future research or clinical trials can overcome.