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Yin P, Zhou X. Potential Clinical Role of LncRNA miR503HG in Multiple Myeloma and its Effect on the Proliferation and Adhesion of Myeloma Cells. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2024; 40:43-51. [PMID: 38312189 PMCID: PMC10830954 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-023-01658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study mainly explored the role of lncRNA miR503HG in multiple myeloma and the potential downstream regulatory mechanism affecting disease. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression levels of miR503HG and miR-103. A cell counting kit-8 assay was performed to detect cell viability. The concentrations of adhesion-related factors (MUC-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The targeting relationship between miR503HG and miR-103 was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The miR503HG expression in peripheral blood of multiple myeloma patients was lower than that of normal healthy individuals and associated with ISS stage and worse overall survival. miR-103 was identified as the downstream target of miR503HG. Upregulation of miR503HG could inhibit cell proliferation and adhesion of multiple myeloma cell lines, which could partially reverse the inhibition of adhesion and proliferation by high expression of miR-103. lncRNA miR503HG expression was downregulated in multiple myeloma and had potential diagnostic/prognostic value. MiR503HG exerts a molecular sponge effect on miR-103 and affects its expression, thus achieving the inhibitory effect on multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingling Yin
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu Medical College, No. 296, Kongtong East Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang, Gansu, 744000 China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu Medical College, No. 296, Kongtong East Road, Kongtong District, Pingliang, Gansu, 744000 China
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2
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Nylund P, Garrido-Zabala B, Kalushkova A, Wiklund HJ. The complex nature of lncRNA-mediated chromatin dynamics in multiple myeloma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1303677. [PMID: 38148842 PMCID: PMC10750364 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1303677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive genome-wide sequencing efforts have unveiled the intricate regulatory potential of long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within the domain of haematological malignancies. Notably, lncRNAs have been found to directly modulate chromatin architecture, thereby impacting gene expression and disease progression by interacting with DNA, RNA, and proteins in a tissue- or condition-specific manner. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the intricate epigenetic control of lncRNAs in cancer. Consequently, this provides a rationale to explore the possibility of therapeutically targeting lncRNAs themselves or the epigenetic mechanisms that govern their activity. Within the scope of this review, we will assess the current state of knowledge regarding the epigenetic regulation of lncRNAs and how, in turn, lncRNAs contribute to chromatin remodelling in the context of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helena Jernberg Wiklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetic and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Lin MS, Zhong HY, Yim RLH, Chen QY, Du HL, He HQ, Lin K, Zhao P, Gao R, Gao F, Zhang MY. Pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic TNFAIP2 identifying its prognostic value and immunological function in acute myeloid leukemia. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1068. [PMID: 36243694 PMCID: PMC9571470 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2), a TNFα-inducible gene, appears to participate in inflammation, immune response, hematopoiesis, and carcinogenesis. However, the potential role of TNFAIP2 in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unknow yet. Therefore, we aimed to study the biological role of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. METHODS TNFAIP2 mRNA level, prognostic value, co-expressed genes, differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation, and functional enrichment analysis in AML patients were explored via multiple public databases, including UALCAN, GTEx portal, Timer 2.0, LinkedOmics, SMART, MethSurv, Metascape, GSEA and String databases. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Beat AML database were used to determine the associations between TNFAIP2 expression and various clinical or genetic parameters of AML patients. Moreover, the biological functions of TNFAIP2 in AML were investigated through in vitro experiments. RESULTS By large-scale data mining, our study indicated that TNFAIP2 was differentially expressed across different normal and tumor tissues. TNFAIP2 expression was significantly increased in AML, particularly in French-American-British (FAB) classification M4/M5 patients, compared with corresponding control tissues. Overexpression of TNFAIP2 was an independent poor prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) and was associated with unfavorable cytogenetic risk and gene mutations in AML patients. DNA hypermethylation of TNFAIP2 at gene body linked to upregulation of TNFAIP2 and inferior OS in AML. Functional enrichment analysis indicated immunomodulation function and inflammation response of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. Finally, the suppression of TNFAIP resulted in inhibition of proliferation by altering cell-cycle progression and increase of cell death by promoting early and late apoptosis in THP-1 and U937AML cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, the oncogenic TNFAIP2 can function as a novel biomarker and prognostic factor in AML patients. The immunoregulation function of TNFAIP2 warrants further validation in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Si Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hui-Yun Zhong
- Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Rita Lok-Hay Yim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qi-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hong-Ling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hao-Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ke Lin
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ru Gao
- Department of Nursing, Chengdu Wenjiang People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611100, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China.
| | - Min-Yue Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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4
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The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102348. [PMID: 35625953 PMCID: PMC9139326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent findings in multiple myeloma have led to therapies which have improved patient life quality and expectancy. However, frequent relapse and drug resistance emphasize the need for more efficient therapeutic approaches. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent knowledge on this topic and suggests new therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite advances in available treatments, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and represents a challenge in oncohematology. New insights into epigenetic factors contributing to MM development and progression have improved the knowledge surrounding its molecular basis. Beyond classical epigenetic factors, including methylation and acetylation, recent genome analyses have unveiled the importance of non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs have become of interest, as their dysregulation opens the door to new therapeutic approaches. The discovery, in the past years, of molecular techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas, has led to innovative therapies with potential benefits to achieve a better outcome for MM patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis.
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Saltarella I, Apollonio B, Lamanuzzi A, Desantis V, Mariggiò MA, Desaphy JF, Vacca A, Frassanito MA. The Landscape of lncRNAs in Multiple Myeloma: Implications in the "Hallmarks of Cancer", Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081963. [PMID: 35454868 PMCID: PMC9032822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is an aggressive hematological neoplasia caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant plasmacells. Neoplastic transformation and progression are driven by a number of biological processes, called ‘hallmarks of cancer’, which are regulated by different molecules, including long non-coding RNAs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that regulate MM development and progression will help to improve patients stratification and management, and promote the identification of new therapeutic targets. Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins. Nowadays, lncRNAs are gaining importance as key regulators of gene expression and, consequently, of several biological functions in physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Here, we point out the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). We focus on their ability to regulate the biological processes identified as “hallmarks of cancer” that enable malignant cell transformation, early tumor onset and progression. The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in MM suggests their potential use as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis, patient stratification, and clinical management. Moreover, they represent ideal candidates for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Saltarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine “Guido Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (B.A.); (A.L.); (V.D.); (A.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine “Guido Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (B.A.); (A.L.); (V.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Aurelia Lamanuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine “Guido Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (B.A.); (A.L.); (V.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine “Guido Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (B.A.); (A.L.); (V.D.); (A.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Addolorata Mariggiò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of General Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Internal Medicine “Guido Baccelli”, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy; (I.S.); (B.A.); (A.L.); (V.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of General Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, I-70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Lift the curtain on long non-coding RNAs in hematological malignancies: Pathogenic elements and potential targets. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schütt J, Nägler T, Schenk T, Brioli A. Investigating the Interplay between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Development of Drug Resistance: Dissecting the Role of Epigenetic Modifications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164069. [PMID: 34439223 PMCID: PMC8392438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances made in the last two decades, multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable disease. The genetic complexity of MM and the presence of intra-clonal heterogeneity are major contributors to disease relapse and the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, the bone marrow microenvironment is known to play a pivotal role in MM disease progression. Together with genetic modifications, epigenetic changes have been shown to influence MM development and progression. However, epigenetic treatments for MM are still lacking. This is mainly due to the high rate of adverse events of epigenetic drugs in clinical practice. In this review, we will focus on the role of epigenetic modifications in MM disease progression and the development of drug resistance, as well as their role in shaping the interplay between bone marrow stromal cells and MM cells. The current and future treatment strategies involving epigenetic drugs will also be addressed. Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells infiltrating the bone marrow (BM). Many studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of bone marrow stromal cells in MM progression and drug resistance. Together with the BM microenvironment (BMME), epigenetics also plays a crucial role in MM development. A variety of epigenetic regulators, including histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and lysine demethylases (KDMs), are altered in MM, contributing to the disease progression and prognosis. In addition to histone modifications, DNA methylation also plays a crucial role. Among others, aberrant epigenetics involves processes associated with the BMME, like bone homeostasis, ECM remodeling or the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the interplay of MM cells with the BMME in the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, we will focus on the epigenetic aberrations in MM and their role in disease evolution, interaction with the BMME, disease progression and development of drug resistance. We will also briefly touch on the epigenetic treatments currently available or currently under investigation to overcome BMME-driven treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schütt
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Nägler
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Schenk
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine Jena (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annamaria Brioli
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Hematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Clinic of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Palliative Care, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Barik GK, Sahay O, Behera A, Naik D, Kalita B. Keep your eyes peeled for long noncoding RNAs: Explaining their boundless role in cancer metastasis, drug resistance, and clinical application. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188612. [PMID: 34391844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and drug resistance are two major obstacles in the treatment of cancer and therefore, the leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Hence, an in-depth understanding of these processes and identification of the underlying key players could help design a better therapeutic regimen to treat cancer. Earlier thought to be merely transcriptional junk and having passive or secondary function, recent advances in the genomic research have unravelled that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in diverse physiological as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis and drug resistance. LncRNAs can regulate various steps of the complex metastatic cascade such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration and metastatic colonization, and also affect the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. A substantial body of literature for more than a decade of research evince that lncRNAs can regulate gene expression at different levels such as epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational levels, depending on their subcellular localization and through their ability to interact with DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we mainly focus on how lncRNAs affect cancer metastasis by modulating expression of key metastasis-associated genes at various levels of gene regulation. We also discuss how lncRNAs confer cancer cells either sensitivity or resistance to various chemo-therapeutic drugs via different mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the immense potential of lncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Abhayananda Behera
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Debasmita Naik
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Yang T, Liu X, Kumar SK, Jin F, Dai Y. Decoding DNA methylation in epigenetics of multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2021; 51:100872. [PMID: 34384602 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA methylation in B cells has been observed during their neoplastic transformation and therefore closely associated with various B-cell malignancies including multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells. Emerging evidence has unveiled pronounced alterations in DNA methylation in MM, including both global and gene-specific changes that can affect genome stability and gene transcription. Moreover, dysregulated expression of DNA methylation-modifying enzymes has been related with myelomagenesis, disease progression, and poor prognosis. However, the functional roles of the epigenetic abnormalities involving DNA methylation in MM remain elusive. In this article, we review current understanding of the alterations in DNA methylome and DNA methylation modifiers in MM, particularly focusing on DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and tet methylcytosine dioxygenases (TETs). We also discuss how these DNA methylation modifiers may be regulated and function in MM cells, therefore providing a rationale for developing novel epigenetic therapies targeting DNA methylation in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Shaji K Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
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The Role of lncRNAs in the Pathobiology and Clinical Behavior of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081976. [PMID: 33923983 PMCID: PMC8074217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematological neoplasm, is still considered an incurable disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), genes that do not encode proteins, participate in numerous biological processes, but their deregulation, like that of coding genes, can contribute to carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence points to the relevant role of lncRNAs in the development of human tumors, such that they emerge as attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, including MM. Here we review the oncogenic or tumor-suppressor functions of lncRNAs in MM and provide an overview of novel therapeutic approaches based on lncRNAs that will help to improve the management of these patients. Abstract MM is a hematological neoplasm that is still considered an incurable disease. Besides established genetic alterations, recent studies have shown that MM pathogenesis is also characterized by epigenetic aberrations, such as the gain of de novo active chromatin marks in promoter and enhancer regions and extensive DNA hypomethylation of intergenic regions, highlighting the relevance of these non-coding genomic regions. A recent study described how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) correspond to 82% of the MM transcriptome and an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of deregulation of lncRNAs in MM. In this review we focus on the deregulated lncRNAs in MM, including their biological or functional mechanisms, their role as biomarkers to improve the prognosis and monitoring of MM patients, and their participation in drug resistance. Furthermore, we also discuss the evidence supporting the role of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets through different novel RNA-based strategies.
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Epigenetic Aberrations in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102996. [PMID: 33076518 PMCID: PMC7602661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells named plasma cells, within the bone marrow. Patients with MM may present with anemia, bone lesions and kidney impairment. Several studies have been performed in order to provide an explanation to how this tumor may develop. Among them, the so called “epigenetic modifications” certainly represent important players that have been shown to support MM development and disease progression. The present article aims to summarize the current knowledge in the specific are of “epigenetics” in MM. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by proliferation of clonal plasma cells within the bone marrow. Several advances in defining key processes responsible for MM pathogenesis and disease progression have been made; and dysregulation of epigenetics, including DNA methylation and histone modification, has emerged as a crucial regulator of MM pathogenesis. In the present review article, we will focus on the role of epigenetic modifications within the specific context of MM.
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