1
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Shi H, Yu X, Cheng G. Impact of the microbiome on mosquito-borne diseases. Protein Cell 2023; 14:743-761. [PMID: 37186167 PMCID: PMC10599646 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases present a significant threat to human health, with the possibility of outbreaks of new mosquito-borne diseases always looming. Unfortunately, current measures to combat these diseases such as vaccines and drugs are often either unavailable or ineffective. However, recent studies on microbiomes may reveal promising strategies to fight these diseases. In this review, we examine recent advances in our understanding of the effects of both the mosquito and vertebrate microbiomes on mosquito-borne diseases. We argue that the mosquito microbiome can have direct and indirect impacts on the transmission of these diseases, with mosquito symbiotic microorganisms, particularly Wolbachia bacteria, showing potential for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Moreover, the skin microbiome of vertebrates plays a significant role in mosquito preferences, while the gut microbiome has an impact on the progression of mosquito-borne diseases in humans. As researchers continue to explore the role of microbiomes in mosquito-borne diseases, we highlight some promising future directions for this field. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between mosquitoes, their hosts, pathogens, and the microbiomes of mosquitoes and hosts may hold the key to preventing and controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Shi
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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2
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Abstract
Haematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, triatomine bugs and lice (here referred to as vectors), are involved in the transmission of various pathogens to mammals on whom they blood feed. The diseases caused by these pathogens, collectively known as vector-borne diseases (VBDs), threaten the health of humans and animals. Although the vector arthropods differ in life histories, feeding behaviour as well as reproductive strategies, they all harbour symbiotic microorganisms, known as microbiota, on which they depend for completing essential aspects of their biology, such as development and reproduction. In this Review, we summarize the shared and unique key features of the symbiotic associations that have been characterized in the major vector taxa. We discuss the crosstalks between microbiota and their arthropod hosts that influence vector metabolism and immune responses relevant for pathogen transmission success, known as vector competence. Finally, we highlight how current knowledge on symbiotic associations is being explored to develop non-chemical-based alternative control methods that aim to reduce vector populations, or reduce vector competence. We conclude by highlighting the remaining knowledge gaps that stand to advance basic and translational aspects of vector-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Zheng R, Wang Q, Wu R, Paradkar PN, Hoffmann AA, Wang GH. Holobiont perspectives on tripartite interactions among microbiota, mosquitoes, and pathogens. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1143-1152. [PMID: 37231184 PMCID: PMC10356850 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and malaria cause a significant global health burden. Unfortunately, current insecticides and environmental control strategies aimed at the vectors of these diseases are only moderately effective in decreasing disease burden. Understanding and manipulating the interaction between the mosquito holobiont (i.e., mosquitoes and their resident microbiota) and the pathogens transmitted by these mosquitoes to humans and animals could help in developing new disease control strategies. Different microorganisms found in the mosquito's microbiota affect traits related to mosquito survival, development, and reproduction. Here, we review the physiological effects of essential microbes on their mosquito hosts; the interactions between the mosquito holobiont and mosquito-borne pathogen (MBP) infections, including microbiota-induced host immune activation and Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking (PB); and the effects of environmental factors and host regulation on the composition of the microbiota. Finally, we briefly overview future directions in holobiont studies, and how these may lead to new effective control strategies against mosquitoes and their transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronger Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runbiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Guan-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Cappelli A, Damiani C, Capone A, Bozic J, Mensah P, Clementi E, Spaccapelo R, Favia G, Ricci I. Tripartite interactions comprising yeast-endobacteria systems in the gut of vector mosquitoes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157299. [PMID: 37396392 PMCID: PMC10311912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is shown that bacteria use yeast as a niche for survival in stressful conditions, therefore yeasts may act as temporary or permanent bacterial reservoirs. Endobacteria colonise the fungal vacuole of various osmotolerant yeasts which survive and multiply in sugar-rich sources such as plant nectars. Nectar-associated yeasts are present even in the digestive system of insects and often establish mutualistic symbioses with both hosts. Research on insect microbial symbioses is increasing but bacterial-fungal interactions are yet unexplored. Here, we have focused on the endobacteria of Wickerhamomyces anomalus (formerly Pichia anomala and Candida pelliculosa), an osmotolerant yeast associated with sugar sources and the insect gut. Symbiotic strains of W. anomalus influence larval development and contribute digestive processes in adults, in addition to exerting wide antimicrobial properties for host defence in diverse insects including mosquitoes. Antiplasmodial effects of W. anomalus have been shown in the gut of the female malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. This discovery highlights the potential of utilizing yeast as a promising tool for symbiotic control of mosquito-borne diseases. In the present study, we have carried out a large Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) metagenomics analysis including W. anomalus strains associated with vector mosquitoes Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, which has highlighted wide and heterogeneous EB communities in yeast. Furthermore, we have disclosed a Matryoshka-like association in the gut of A stephensi that comprises different EB in the strain of W. anomalus WaF17.12. Our investigations started with the localization of fast-moving bacteria-like bodies within the yeast vacuole of WaF17.12. Additional microscopy analyses have validated the presence of alive intravacuolar bacteria and 16S rDNA libraries from WaF17.12 have identified a few bacterial targets. Some of these EB have been isolated and tested for lytic properties and capability to re-infect the yeast cell. Moreover, a selective competence to enter yeast cell has been shown comparing different bacteria. We suggested possible tripartite interactions among EB, W. anomalus and the host, opening new knowledge on the vector biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Aida Capone
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Priscilla Mensah
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Clementi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
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5
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Vinayagam S, Rajendran D, Sekar K, Renu K, Sattu K. The microbiota, the malarial parasite, and the mosquito [MMM] - A three-sided relationship. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111543. [PMID: 36642385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito gut microbiota is vital to the proper functioning of the host organism. Mosquitoes may benefit from this microbiota in their guts because it promotes factors including blood digestion, fecundity, metamorphosis, and living habitat and inhibits malarial parasites (Plasmodium) growth or transmission. In this overview, we analyzed how mosquitoes acquire their gut microbiota, characterized those bacteria, and discussed the functions they provide. We also investigated the effects of microbiota on malaria vectors, with a focus on the mosquito species Anopheles, as well as the relationship between microbiota and Plasmodium, the aspects in which microbiota influences Plasmodium via immune response, metabolism, and redox mechanisms, and the strategies in which gut bacteria affect the life cycle of malaria vectors and provide the ability to resist insecticides. This article explores the difficulties in studying triadic interactions, such as the interplay between Mosquitoes, Malarial parasite, and the Microbiota that dwell in the mosquitoes' guts, and need additional research for a better understanding of these multiple connections to implement an exact vector control strategies using Gut microbiota in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Devianjana Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Kathirvel Sekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Kamaraj Sattu
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 635205, India.
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6
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Muema JM, Bargul JL, Obonyo MA, Njeru SN, Matoke-Muhia D, Mutunga JM. Contemporary exploitation of natural products for arthropod-borne pathogen transmission-blocking interventions. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:298. [PMID: 36002857 PMCID: PMC9404607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach to innovatively counter the transmission of various arthropod-borne diseases to humans would benefit from strategies that sustainably limit onward passage of infective life cycle stages of pathogens and parasites to the insect vectors and vice versa. Aiming to accelerate the impetus towards a disease-free world amid the challenges posed by climate change, discovery, mindful exploitation and integration of active natural products in design of pathogen transmission-blocking interventions is of high priority. Herein, we provide a review of natural compounds endowed with blockade potential against transmissible forms of human pathogens reported in the last 2 decades from 2000 to 2021. Finally, we propose various translational strategies that can exploit these pathogen transmission-blocking natural products into design of novel and sustainable disease control interventions. In summary, tapping these compounds will potentially aid in integrated combat mission to reduce disease transmission trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Muema
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Meshack A Obonyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Sospeter N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - James M Mutunga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University (MKU), P.O. Box 54, Thika, 01000, Kenya.,School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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7
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Caragata EP, Short SM. Vector microbiota and immunity: modulating arthropod susceptibility to vertebrate pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100875. [PMID: 35065286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods, including mosquitoes, sand flies, tsetse flies, and ticks are vectors of many bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens that cause serious disease in humans and animals. Their microbiota, that is, all microorganisms that dwell within their tissues, can impact vector immunity and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Historically, host-pathogen-microbiota interactions have not been well described, with little known about mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding how individual microorganisms and microbial communities interact with vectors and human pathogens, the mechanisms they utilize to achieve these effects, and the potential for exploiting these interactions to control pathogen transmission. These studies fill important knowledge gaps and further our understanding of the roles that the vector microbiota plays in pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Caragata
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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Cappelli A, Amantini C, Maggi F, Favia G, Ricci I. Formulation and Safety Tests of a Wickerhamomyces anomalus-Based Product: Potential Use of Killer Toxins of a Mosquito Symbiotic Yeast to Limit Malaria Transmission. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:676. [PMID: 34678969 PMCID: PMC8538654 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain WaF17.12 is a yeast with an antiplasmodial property based on the production of a killer toxin. For its symbiotic association with Anopheles mosquitoes, it has been proposed for the control of malaria. In an applied view, we evaluated the yeast formulation by freeze-drying WaF17.12. The study was carried out by comparing yeast preparations stored at room temperature for different periods, demonstrating that lyophilization is a useful method to obtain a stable product in terms of cell growth reactivation and maintenance of the killer toxin antimicrobial activity. Moreover, cytotoxic assays on human cells were performed, showing no effects on the cell viability and the proinflammatory response. The post-formulation effectiveness of the killer toxin and the safety tests indicate that WaF17.12 is a promising bioreagent able to impair the malaria parasite in vector mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Federica Maggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (G.F.)
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9
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Wickerhamomyces Yeast Killer Toxins' Medical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090655. [PMID: 34564659 PMCID: PMC8470119 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Possible implications and applications of the yeast killer phenomenon in the fight against infectious diseases are reviewed, with particular reference to some wide-spectrum killer toxins (KTs) produced by Wickerhamomyces anomalus and other related species. A perspective on the applications of these KTs in the medical field is provided considering (1) a direct use of killer strains, in particular in the symbiotic control of arthropod-borne diseases; (2) a direct use of KTs as experimental therapeutic agents; (3) the production, through the idiotypic network, of immunological derivatives of KTs and their use as potential anti-infective therapeutics. Studies on immunological derivatives of KTs in the context of vaccine development are also described.
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10
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Malassigné S, Minard G, Vallon L, Martin E, Valiente Moro C, Luis P. Diversity and Functions of Yeast Communities Associated with Insects. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081552. [PMID: 34442634 PMCID: PMC8399037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the concept of the holobiont, insect-microbiota interactions play an important role in insect biology. Many examples of host-associated microorganisms have been reported to drastically influence insect biological processes such as development, physiology, nutrition, survival, immunity, or even vector competence. While a huge number of studies on insect-associated microbiota have focused on bacteria, other microbial partners including fungi have been comparatively neglected. Yeasts, which establish mostly commensal or symbiotic relationships with their host, can dominate the mycobiota of certain insects. This review presents key advances and progress in the research field highlighting the diversity of yeast communities associated with insects, as well as their impact on insect life-history traits, immunity, and behavior.
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11
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Nattoh G, Bargul JL, Magoma G, Mbaisi L, Butungi H, Mararo E, Teal E, Herren JK. The fungus Leptosphaerulina persists in Anopheles gambiae and induces melanization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246452. [PMID: 33617536 PMCID: PMC7899377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are colonized by diverse microorganisms that may impact on host biology and vectorial capacity. Eukaryotic symbionts such as fungi have been isolated from Anopheles, but whether they are stably associated with mosquitoes and transmitted transstadially across mosquito life stages or to subsequent generations remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that a Leptosphaerulina sp. fungus isolated from the midgut of An. gambiae can be stably associated with An. gambiae host and that it imposes low fitness cost when re-introduced through co-feeding. This fungus is transstadially transmitted across An. gambiae developmental stages and to their progeny. It is present in field-caught larvae and adult mosquitoes at moderate levels across geographical regions. We observed that Leptosphaerulina sp. induces a distinctive melanotic phenotype across the developmental stages of mosquito. As a eukaryotic symbiont that is stably associated with An. gambiae Leptosphaerulina sp. can be explored for paratransgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Nattoh
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Magoma
- Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilian Mbaisi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen Butungi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Enock Mararo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evan Teal
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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12
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Cappelli A, Favia G, Ricci I. Wickerhamomyces anomalus in Mosquitoes: A Promising Yeast-Based Tool for the "Symbiotic Control" of Mosquito-Borne Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:621605. [PMID: 33552032 PMCID: PMC7859090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.621605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus is a mutualistic symbiont of different insects, including diptera vectors of diseases. Although fungal symbioses have been so far poorly characterized, the topic is gaining attention as yeast-insect interactions can provide pivotal information on insect biology, such as their environmental adaptation or vectorial capability. We review the symbiosis between W. anomalus and mosquitoes, which implies nutritional and protective functions. Furthermore, we focus on antiplasmodial effects of W. anomalus in malaria vectors and discuss the yeast potential for the “symbiotic control” (SC) of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
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13
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Junges DSB, Delabeneta MF, Rosseto LRB, Nascimento BL, Paris AP, Persel C, Loth EA, Simão RCG, Menolli RA, Paula CR, Gandra RF. Antibiotic Activity of Wickerhamomyces anomalus Mycocins on Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:278-285. [PMID: 32072187 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to mycocins produced by Wickerhamomyces anomalus and to verify the cytotoxicity of these compounds. Three culture supernatants of W. anomalus (WA40, WA45, and WA92), containing mycocins (WA40M1, WA45M2, and WA92M3), were tested on A. baumannii using broth microdilution methods, solid medium tests, and cytotoxicity tests in human erythrocytes and in Artemia saline Leach. W. anomalus was able to produce high antimicrobial mycocins, as even at high dilutions, they inhibited A. baumannii. In a solid medium, it was possible to observe the inhibition of A. baumannii, caused by the diffusion of mycocins between agar. Finally, the three supernatants were not cytotoxic when tested on human erythrocytes and Artemia salina. According to the evidence in this study, the mycocins of W. anomalus have been effective and could be used in the development of new antimicrobial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele S B Junges
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Mateus F Delabeneta
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Lana Rubia B Rosseto
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Nascimento
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Paris
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Persel
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Loth
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Rita C G Simão
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Menolli
- Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Claudete R Paula
- Faculty of Odontology, University of São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo F Gandra
- Western Paraná University Hospital, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, 85806-470, Brazil.
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Malassigné S, Valiente Moro C, Luis P. Mosquito Mycobiota: An Overview of Non-Entomopathogenic Fungal Interactions. Pathogens 2020; 9:E564. [PMID: 32664706 PMCID: PMC7400530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing expansion of mosquito vectors leads to the emergence of vector-borne diseases in new geographic areas and causes major public health concerns. In the absence of effective preventive treatments against most pathogens transmitted, vector control remains one of the most suitable strategies to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Insecticide overuse raises mosquito resistance and deleterious impacts on the environment and non-target species. Growing knowledge of mosquito biology has allowed the development of alternative control methods. Following the concept of holobiont, mosquito-microbiota interactions play an important role in mosquito biology. Associated microbiota is known to influence many aspects of mosquito biology such as development, survival, immunity or even vector competence. Mosquito-associated microbiota is composed of bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses and nematodes. While an increasing number of studies have focused on bacteria, other microbial partners like fungi have been largely neglected despite their huge diversity. A better knowledge of mosquito-mycobiota interactions offers new opportunities to develop innovative mosquito control strategies. Here, we review the recent advances concerning the impact of mosquito-associated fungi, and particularly nonpathogenic fungi, on life-history traits (development, survival, reproduction), vector competence and behavior of mosquitoes by focusing on Culex, Aedes and Anopheles species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Luis
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (S.M.); (C.V.M.)
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15
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Nascimento BL, Delabeneta MF, Rosseto LRB, Junges DSB, Paris AP, Persel C, Gandra RF. Yeast Mycocins: a great potential for application in health. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5818766. [PMID: 32275311 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycocins have demonstrated inhibition of fungi, bacteria, parasites and viruses, in addition to being studied as epidemiological markers and in the development of vaccines. They are defined as extracellular proteins or glycoproteins with different activities, the main mechanism of action being the inhibition of β-glucan synthesis in the cell wall of sensitive strains. Given the resistance problems created by several microorganisms to agents commonly used in clinical practice, the discovery of new substances with this purpose becomes essential. Mycocins have potential as anti-microbials because they show minimal toxicity and do not present resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Nascimento
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mateus F Delabeneta
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lana Rubia B Rosseto
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniele S B Junges
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Paris
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Persel
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo F Gandra
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Avenida Tancredo Neves 3224 CEP: 85806-470, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Identification of a Killer Toxin from Wickerhamomyces anomalus with β-Glucanase Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100568. [PMID: 31569379 PMCID: PMC6832412 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus has several applications in the food industry due to its antimicrobial potential and wide range of biotechnological properties. In particular, a specific strain of Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolated from the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi, namely WaF17.12, was reported to secrete a killer toxin with strong anti-plasmodial effect on different developmental stages of Plasmodium berghei; therefore, we propose its use in the symbiotic control of malaria. In this study, we focused on the identification/characterization of the protein toxin responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity of the yeast. For this purpose, the culture medium of the killer yeast strain WaF17.12 was processed by means of lateral flow filtration, anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, immunometric methods, and eventually analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Based on this concerted approach, we identified a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 140 kDa and limited electrophoretic mobility, corresponding to a high molecular weight β-glucosidase, as confirmed by activity tests in the presence of specific inhibitors.
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17
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Cappelli A, Valzano M, Cecarini V, Bozic J, Rossi P, Mensah P, Amantini C, Favia G, Ricci I. Killer yeasts exert anti-plasmodial activities against the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in the vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi and in mice. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:329. [PMID: 31266522 PMCID: PMC6604151 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wickerhamomyces anomalus is a yeast associated with different insects including mosquitoes, where it is proposed to be involved in symbiotic relationships with hosts. Different symbiotic strains of W. anomalus display a killer phenotype mediated by protein toxins with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. In particular, a killer toxin purified from a W. anomalus strain (WaF17.12), previously isolated from the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi, has shown strong in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against early sporogonic stages of the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. RESULTS Here, we provide evidence that WaF17.12 cultures, properly stimulated to induce the expression of the killer toxin, can directly affect in vitro P. berghei early sporogonic stages, causing membrane damage and parasite death. Moreover, we demonstrated by in vivo studies that mosquito dietary supplementation with activated WaF17.12 cells interfere with ookinete development in the midgut of An. stephensi. Besides the anti-sporogonic action of WaF17.12, an inhibitory effect of purified WaF17.12-killer toxin was observed on erythrocytic stages of P. berghei, with a consequent reduction of parasitaemia in mice. The preliminary safety tests on murine cell lines showed no side effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the anti-plasmodial activity of WaF17.12 against different developmental stages of P. berghei. New studies on P. falciparum are needed to evaluate the use of killer yeasts as innovative tools in the symbiotic control of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Valzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - Paolo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Priscilla Mensah
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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18
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Heu K, Gendrin M. [Mosquito microbiota and its influence on disease vectorial transmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:119-136. [PMID: 30973141 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are found worldwide. Around 100 among 3500 mosquito species are known to be vectors of parasites and viruses, responsible for infectious diseases including malaria and dengue. Mosquitoes host diverse microbial communities that influence disease transmission, either by direct interference or via affecting host immunity and physiology. These microbial communities are present within diverse tissues, including the digestive tract, and vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, its developmental stage, and ecological factors. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mosquito microbiota, defined as a community of commensal, symbiotic or pathogenic microbes harboured by a host. We first describe the current knowledge on the diversity of the microbiota, that includes bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses and on its modes of acquisition throughout the mosquito life cycle. We then focus on microbial interactions within the mosquito gut, which notably affect vector competence, and on host-microbe interactions affecting mosquito fitness. Finally, we discuss current or potential methods based on the use of microbes or microbial products to interfere with pathogen transmission or to reduce mosquito lifespan and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Heu
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France - Département « Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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19
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Guégan M, Zouache K, Démichel C, Minard G, Tran Van V, Potier P, Mavingui P, Valiente Moro C. The mosquito holobiont: fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:49. [PMID: 29554951 PMCID: PMC5859429 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The holobiont concept was first developed for coral ecosystems but has been extended to multiple organisms, including plants and other animals. Studies on insect-associated microbial communities have produced strong evidence that symbiotic bacteria play a major role in host biology. However, the understanding of these symbiotic relationships has mainly been limited to phytophagous insects, while the role of host-associated microbiota in haematophagous insect vectors remains largely unexplored. Mosquitoes are a major global public health concern, with a concomitant increase in people at risk of infection. The global emergence and re-emergence of mosquito-borne diseases has led many researchers to study both the mosquito host and its associated microbiota. Although most of these studies have been descriptive, they have led to a broad description of the bacterial communities hosted by mosquito populations. This review describes key advances and progress in the field of the mosquito microbiota research while also encompassing other microbes and the environmental factors driving their composition and diversity. The discussion includes recent findings on the microbiota functional roles and underlines their interactions with the host biology and pathogen transmission. Insight into the ecology of multipartite interactions, we consider that conferring the term holobiont to the mosquito and its microbiota is useful to get a comprehensive understanding of the vector pathosystem functioning so as to be able to develop innovative and efficient novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karima Zouache
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colin Démichel
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Potier
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA, UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
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20
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Romoli O, Gendrin M. The tripartite interactions between the mosquito, its microbiota and Plasmodium. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:200. [PMID: 29558973 PMCID: PMC5861617 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of Anopheles mosquitoes interferes with mosquito infection by Plasmodium and influences mosquito fitness, therefore affecting vectorial capacity. This natural barrier to malaria transmission has been regarded with growing interest in the last 20 years, as it may be a source of new transmission-blocking strategies. The last decade has seen tremendous progress in the functional characterisation of the tripartite interactions between the mosquito, its microbiota and Plasmodium parasites. In this review, we provide insights into the effects of the mosquito microbiota on Plasmodium infection and on mosquito physiology, and on how these aspects together influence vectorial capacity. We also discuss three current challenges in the field, namely the need for a more relevant microbiota composition in experimental mosquitoes involved in vector biology studies, for a better characterisation of the non-bacterial microbiota, and for further functional studies of the microbiota present outside the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Romoli
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France. .,Parasites and Insect Vectors Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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21
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Giovati L, Santinoli C, Ferrari E, Ciociola T, Martin E, Bandi C, Ricci I, Epis S, Conti S. Candidacidal Activity of a Novel Killer Toxin from Wickerhamomyces anomalus against Fluconazole-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E68. [PMID: 29401638 PMCID: PMC5848169 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization from the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus of a Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast strain (Wa1F1) displaying the killer phenotype was recently reported. In the present work, the killer toxin (KT) produced by Wa1F1 was purified and characterized, and its antimicrobial activity in vitro was investigated against fluconazole- susceptible and -resistant clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Candida albicans and C. glabrata displaying known mutations. Wa1F1-KT showed a differential killing ability against different mutant strains of the same species. The results may be useful for the design of therapeutic molecules based on Wa1F1-KT and the study of yeast resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giovati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Santinoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Martin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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22
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Bozic J, Capone A, Pediconi D, Mensah P, Cappelli A, Valzano M, Mancini MV, Scuppa P, Martin E, Epis S, Rossi P, Favia G, Ricci I. Mosquitoes can harbour yeasts of clinical significance and contribute to their environmental dissemination. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:642-648. [PMID: 28714286 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is still a lack of studies on fungal microbiota in mosquitoes, compared with the number available on bacterial microbiota. This study reports the identification of yeasts of clinical significance in laboratory mosquito species: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Among the yeasts isolated, they focused on the opportunistic pathogen Candida parapsilosis, since there is a need to better understand breakthrough candidaemia with resistance to the usual antifungals, which requires careful consideration in the broad-spectrum therapy, as documented in many clinical reports. C. parapsilosis occurs widely and has been isolated from diverse sources, including insects, which may contribute to its dissemination. In this study, it was isolated from the gut of An. gambiae and its presence in developmental stages and organs of different mosquito species was studied. Our results indicated that there was a stable association between C. parapsilosis and reared mosquitoes during the entire life cycle, and in adult male and female gut and gonads. A wide occurrence of C. parapsilosis was also documented in several populations of wild mosquitoes. Based on these findings, it can be said that mosquitoes might participate in the spreading of this opportunistic pathogen, not only as a carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Bozic
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Aida Capone
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dario Pediconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Priscilla Mensah
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Valzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Mancini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Scuppa
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Elena Martin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile da Varano III 62032, Camerino, Italy
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Abstract
Covering: 2010 up to 2017Life on Earth is characterized by a remarkable abundance of symbiotic and highly refined relationships among life forms. Defined as any kind of close, long-term association between two organisms, symbioses can be mutualistic, commensalistic or parasitic. Historically speaking, selective pressures have shaped symbioses in which one organism (typically a bacterium or fungus) generates bioactive small molecules that impact the host (and possibly other symbionts); the symbiosis is driven fundamentally by the genetic machineries available to the small molecule producer. The human microbiome is now integral to the most recent chapter in animal-microbe symbiosis studies and plant-microbe symbioses have significantly advanced our understanding of natural products biosynthesis; this also is the case for studies of fungal-microbe symbioses. However, much less is known about microbe-microbe systems involving interspecies interactions. Microbe-derived small molecules (i.e. antibiotics and quorum sensing molecules, etc.) have been shown to regulate transcription in microbes within the same environmental niche, suggesting interspecies interactions whereas, intraspecies interactions, such as those that exploit autoinducing small molecules, also modulate gene expression based on environmental cues. We, and others, contend that symbioses provide almost unlimited opportunities for the discovery of new bioactive compounds whose activities and applications have been evolutionarily optimized. Particularly intriguing is the possibility that environmental effectors can guide laboratory expression of secondary metabolites from "orphan", or silent, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Notably, many of the studies summarized here result from advances in "omics" technologies and highlight how symbioses have given rise to new anti-bacterial and antifungal natural products now being discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Adnani
- University of Wisconsin Madison, School of Pharmacy, Div. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA.
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24
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Belda E, Coulibaly B, Fofana A, Beavogui AH, Traore SF, Gohl DM, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. Preferential suppression of Anopheles gambiae host sequences allows detection of the mosquito eukaryotic microbiome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3241. [PMID: 28607435 PMCID: PMC5468309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The vector microbiota is a likely factor influencing parasite transmission. The prokaryotic microbiota of mosquitoes is efficiently surveyed by sequencing of hypervariable regions of the 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. However, identification of the eukaryotic microbiota by targeting the 18s rRNA gene is challenging due to simultaneous amplification of the abundant 18s rRNA gene target in the mosquito host. Consequently, the eukaryotic microbial diversity of mosquitoes is vastly underexplored. An efficient methodology is needed to identify this component of the microbiota, expected to include relatives of Plasmodium. Here, we use defined panels of Anopheles samples from West Africa to test two experimental PCR clamp approaches to maximize the specific amplification of 18s rRNA gene hypervariable regions from eukaryotic microbes: anneal-inhibiting blocking primers and peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucleotide blockers. Of the two, PNA blockers were the only efficient blocking strategy, allowing a reduction of mosquito 18s rRNA gene sequences by more than 80% for the V4 hypervariable region. These PNA blockers will facilitate taxonomic profiling of the eukaryotic microbiota of the A. gambiae species complex, and contribute to a better understanding of microbial influence upon immunity and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni Belda
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France
| | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Mafèrinyah, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Sekou F Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Daryl M Gohl
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Paris, France.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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25
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Saldaña MA, Hegde S, Hughes GL. Microbial control of arthropod-borne disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:81-93. [PMID: 28177042 PMCID: PMC5293117 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods harbor a diverse array of microbes that profoundly influence many aspects of host biology, including vector competence. Additionally, symbionts can be engineered to produce molecules that inhibit pathogens. Due to their intimate association with the host, microbes have developed strategies that facilitate their transmission, either horizontally or vertically, to conspecifics. These attributes make microbes attractive agents for applied strategies to control arthropod-borne disease. Here we discuss the recent advances in microbial control approaches to reduce the burden of pathogens such as Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, and Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites. We also highlight where further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Saldaña
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Tropical Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
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Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Blumberg BJ, Dong Y, Sandiford SL, Pike A, Clayton AM, Dimopoulos G. A natural Anopheles-associated Penicillium chrysogenum enhances mosquito susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34084. [PMID: 27678168 PMCID: PMC5039729 DOI: 10.1038/srep34084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas studies have extensively examined the ability of bacteria to influence Plasmodium infection in the mosquito, the tripartite interactions between non-entomopathogenic fungi, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium parasites remain largely uncharacterized. Here we report the isolation of a common mosquito-associated ascomycete fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum, from the midgut of field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes. Although the presence of Pe. chrysogenum in the Anopheles gambiae midgut does not affect mosquito survival, it renders the mosquito significantly more susceptible to Plasmodium infection through a secreted heat-stable factor. We further provide evidence that the mechanism of the fungus-mediated modulation of mosquito susceptibility to Plasmodium involves an upregulation of the insect’s ornithine decarboxylase gene, which sequesters arginine for polyamine biosynthesis. Arginine plays an important role in the mosquito’s anti-Plasmodium defense as a substrate of nitric oxide production, and its availability therefore has a direct impact on the mosquito’s susceptibility to the parasite. While this type of immunomodulatory mechanism has already been demonstrated in other host-pathogen interaction systems, this is the first report of a mosquito-associated fungus that can suppress the mosquito’s innate immune system in a way that would favor Plasmodium infection and possibly malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesseinia I Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blumberg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Simone L Sandiford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Pike
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - April M Clayton
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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