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Das R, Vashisht K, Savargaonkar D, Mercy Aparna L, Nayak A, Pandey KC. Genetic diversity of the PvMSP-3α gene in Plasmodium vivax isolates circulating in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 26:e00362. [PMID: 38975253 PMCID: PMC11225027 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still a public health problem in tropical countries like India; major malaria parasite species are Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Of which, P. vivax is responsible for ∼40% of the malaria burden at least in the Indian scenario. Unfortunately, there is limited data on the population structure and genetic diversity of P. vivax parasites in India. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of P. vivax strains in the South-west district, Delhi and, Nuh district, Haryana [National Capital Region (NCR)], using a polymorphic marker- P. vivax merozoite surface protein-3α (PvMSP-3α) gene. Dried blood spots from microscopically confirmed P. vivax patients were used for investigation of the PvMSP-3α gene. PCR-RFLP was performed on the PvMSP-3α gene to investigate the genotypes and allelic variability with HhaI and AluI restriction enzymes. In total, 40 successfully PCR amplified PvMSP-3α gene segments were subjected to RFLP analysis. Amplified products showed three different base pair size variations viz. genotype A in 31(77.5%), genotype B in 4(10%) and genotype C in 5(12.5%) P. vivax specimens. RFLP with HhaI and AluI revealed 17 (H1-H17) and 25 (A1-A25) allelic variants, respectively. Interestingly, two similar sub-allelic variants, ie. H8 (with HhaI), and A4 (with AluI) clustered within the rural area of Nuh district, Haryana in two samples. With this study, we propose to commission such type of genetic diversity analysis of P. vivax to investigate the circulating genotypes of the parasites from distinct geographical locations across India, that can have significant implications in understanding the population structures of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Das
- ICMR–National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- ICMR–National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Ajay Nayak
- ICMR–National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Yan H, Wei S, Sui Y, Lu S, Zhang W, Feng X, Liu Y, Zhang T, Ruan W, Xia J, Lin W, Ley B, Auburn S, Li S, Li J, Wang D. Analysis of the relapse of imported Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in five provinces of China. Malar J 2023; 22:209. [PMID: 37443070 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global battle against malaria is facing formidable challenges, particularly in controlling Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, whose cases have not been reduced as effectively as Plasmodium falciparum because of their relapse. This study investigates the current situation and underlying factors contributing to relapse or recrudescence of imported cases of P. vivax and P. ovale, and seeks to provide a reference for reducing relapse or recrudescence in malaria-free areas and offers a scientific basis for designing strategies to prevent imported re-transmission. METHODS This study analysed imported P. vivax and P. ovale in Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei, and Guangxi provinces during 2014-2021 by retrospective analysis. A case-control study was conducted on patients who experienced relapse or recrudescence. RESULTS From 2014 to 2021, 306 cases of P.vivax and 896 cases of P.ovale were included in the study, while 75 cases had relapse or recrudescence, including 49 cases of P. ovale (65.33%) and 26 cases of P. vivax (34.67%). Within less than 5 weeks after returning to the country, 122 cases of P. vivax (39.87%, 122/306) and 265 cases of P. ovale (29.58%, 265/896) occurred. Within less than 53 weeks, the ratio of P. vivax was 94.77% (290/306), and that of P. ovale was 89.96% (806/896). Among the cases experiencing relapse or recrudescence, only 1 case of P. vivax (1/26 3.85%) and 3 cases of P. ovale (3/49 6.12%) occurred within less than 5 weeks after the first onset, whereas 21 cases of P. vivax (21/26 80.77%) and 42 cases of P. ovale (42/49 85.71%) occurred within less than 53 weeks after the first onset. The difference in relapse or recrudescence due to different drugs and medication regimens and medical activities at various levels of medical institutions was statistically significant. CONCLUSION In areas where malaria has been eliminated, routine health screening in a scientific time frame for people returning from at-risk areas can effectively improve the efficiency of preventing re-transmission, thereby reducing prevention costs and disease burden. Preventing patients from self-treating and strengthening medication regulations in health facilities are key measures to reduce relapse or recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Shujiao Wei
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shenning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology (National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Xiangyang Feng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Shizhu Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China.
| | - Duoquan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Upmanyu K, Matlani M, Yadav P, Rathi U, Mallick PK, Singh R. Allelic variation of msp-3α gene in Plasmodium vivax isolates and its correlation with the severity of disease in vivax malaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104530. [PMID: 32896637 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a global socio-economic burden of which Plasmodium vivax contributes for about 70-80 million cases on an annual basis worldwide and 60-65% cases in India. Diversity observed in highly polymorphic Merozoite Surface Protein-3α (msp-3α) encoded by MSP-3 gene family, has been used efficiently for genotyping of P. vivax infection. This study aims to correlate the severity of clinical symptoms with parasite load, genotype of P. vivax and multiplicity of infection. Based on clinical symptoms classification, 31 (67.9%) out of 46 cases were found to be severe while 15 (32.6%) were non-severe and correlation of the severity of vivax infection with parasite load was not observed. Analysis of msp3-α allele genotype showed that out of 31 severe cases, 19 (61.2%) were single-clone infection cases whereas 12 (38.7%) were multi-clone infections. Similarly, out of 15 non-severe cases, 9 (60%) were single clone and 6 (40%) were multi-clone infections indicating the absence of a correlation between the multiplicity of infection and disease severity. Allele frequency observed was 65.9%, 23.4%, 23.4%, and 28.2% for allele A, B, C and D, respectively. An important finding was the greater distribution of allele D than alleles B and C, which has been reported as a rare allele otherwise. Further, of 13 cases with allele D, 76.9% (10/13) cases were severe. This study showed the absence of a correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms with parasite load and multiplicity of infection but at the same time drives a possibility of severe vivax malarial symptoms to have an association with the persistence of allele D in the population. This upon exploration can lead to the development of a target in detection of severe cases of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Upmanyu
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Monika Matlani
- Department of Microbiology, VMMC, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Utkarsh Rathi
- Department of Microbiology, VMMC, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Calarco L, Barratt J, Ellis J. Detecting sequence variants in clinically important protozoan parasites. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:1-18. [PMID: 31857072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Second and third generation sequencing methods are crucial for population genetic studies, and variant detection is a popular approach for exploiting this sequence data. While mini- and microsatellites are historically useful markers for studying important Protozoa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp., detecting non-repetitive variants such as those found in genes can be fundamental to investigating a pathogen's biology. These variants, namely single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions and deletions, can help elucidate the genetic basis of an organism's pathogenicity, identify selective pressures, and resolve phylogenetic relationships. They also have the added benefit of possessing a comparatively low mutation rate, which contributes to their stability. However, there is a plethora of variant analysis tools with nuanced pipelines and conflicting recommendations for best practise, which can be confounding. This lack of standardisation means that variant analysis requires careful parameter optimisation, an understanding of its limitations, and the availability of high quality data. This review explores the value of variant detection when applied to non-model organisms such as clinically important protozoan pathogens. The limitations of current methods are discussed, including special considerations that require the end-users' attention to ensure that the results generated are reproducible, and the biological conclusions drawn are valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Calarco
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Rosas-Aguirre A, Gamboa D, Manrique P, Conn JE, Moreno M, Lescano AG, Sanchez JF, Rodriguez H, Silva H, Llanos-Cuentas A, Vinetz JM. Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:133-144. [PMID: 27799639 PMCID: PMC5201219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria in Peru, dominated by Plasmodium vivax, remains a public health problem. The 1990s saw newly epidemic malaria emerge, primarily in the Loreto Department in the Amazon region, including areas near to Iquitos, the capital city, but sporadic malaria transmission also occurred in the 1990s–2000s in both north-coastal Peru and the gold mining regions of southeastern Peru. Although a Global Fund-supported intervention (PAMAFRO, 2005–2010) was temporally associated with a decrease of malaria transmission, from 2012 to the present, both P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases have rapidly increased. The Peruvian Ministry of Health continues to provide artemesinin-based combination therapy for microscopy-confirmed cases of P. falciparum and chloroquine–primaquine for P. vivax. Malaria transmission continues in remote areas nonetheless, where the mobility of humans and parasites facilitates continued reintroduction outside of ongoing surveillance activities, which is critical to address for future malaria control and elimination efforts. Ongoing P. vivax research gaps in Peru include the following: identification of asymptomatic parasitemics, quantification of the contribution of patent and subpatent parasitemics to mosquito transmission, diagnosis of nonparasitemic hypnozoite carriers, and implementation of surveillance for potential emergence of chloroquine- and 8-aminoquinoline-resistant P. vivax. Clinical trials of tafenoquine in Peru have been promising, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the region has not been observed to be a limitation to its use. Larger-scale challenges for P. vivax (and malaria in general) in Peru include logistical difficulties in accessing remote riverine populations, consequences of government policy and poverty trends, and obtaining international funding for malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Research Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Paulo Manrique
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, New York
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan F Sanchez
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Rodriguez
- Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, Ministerio de Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Hermann Silva
- Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, Ministerio de Salud, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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