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Kartal L, Mueller I, Longley RJ. Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:791. [PMID: 37375481 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilisation of serological surveillance methods for malaria has the potential to identify individuals exposed to Plasmodium vivax, including asymptomatic carriers. However, the application of serosurveillance varies globally, including variations in methodology and transmission context. No systematic review exists describing the advantages and disadvantages of utilising serosurveillance in various settings. Collation and comparison of these results is a necessary first step to standardise and validate the use of serology for the surveillance of P. vivax in specific transmission contexts. A scoping review was performed of P. vivax serosurveillance applications globally. Ninety-four studies were found that met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies were examined to determine the advantages and disadvantages of serosurveillance experienced in each study. If studies reported seroprevalence results, this information was also captured. Measurement of antibodies serves as a proxy by which individuals exposed to P. vivax may be indirectly identified, including those with asymptomatic infections, which may be missed by other technologies. Other thematic advantages identified included the ease and simplicity of serological assays compared to both microscopy and molecular diagnostics. Seroprevalence rates varied widely from 0-93%. Methodologies must be validated across various transmission contexts to ensure the applicability and comparability of results. Other thematic disadvantages identified included challenges with species cross-reactivity and determining changes in transmission patterns in both the short- and long-term. Serosurveillance requires further refinement to be fully realised as an actionable tool. Some work has begun in this area, but more is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Kartal
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Tilaye T, Tessema B, Alemu K. Malaria Infection is High at Transit and Destination Phases Among Seasonal Migrant Workers in Development Corridors of Northwest Ethiopia: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:107-121. [PMID: 34079425 PMCID: PMC8165298 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s306001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Malaria is a leading public health problem in Ethiopia. Every year, thousands of seasonal farm workers travel to farm corridors in Northwest Ethiopia and fall at risk of malaria infection. However, the magnitude of malaria infection and risk factors during harvest time were not well identified. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and risk factors of malaria infection among seasonal migrant workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted at transit and destination phases in Metema district from September 15, 2018 to October 30, 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A capillary blood sample was collected to examine infection with malaria parasite using a microscope. A multivariate logistic regression technique was used to determine risk factors. Results The malaria prevalence at transit and destination phases among migrant workers was 13.5% (95% CI: 12.07–14.93%) and 18.7% (95% CI: 16.40–21.02%), respectively. The combined prevalence was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.67–17.63%). The odds of malaria infection among migrant workers at the destination phase was 1.5 (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.167–1.846) times higher compared to the transit phase. Education (AOR=8.198; 95% CI: 4.318–15.564), knowledge of antimalarial drugs (AOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.43–3.95), and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (AOR=5.0; 95% CI: 3.34–4.43) were significantly associated with malaria infection at migration phases. Conclusion This study showed that the burden of malaria among seasonal migrant workers was high at transit and destination phases. Malaria prevalence was higher at the destination phase compared to the transit phase. A tailored malaria prevention intervention is needed including awareness creation, screening, treatment, repellent, and prophylaxis at both phases to reduce malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Tilaye
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Medical Laboratory, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Glutamate dehydrogenase: a novel candidate to diagnose Plasmodium falciparum through rapid diagnostic test in blood specimen from fever patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6307. [PMID: 32286365 PMCID: PMC7156408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 gene deletion has been reported in India. Such isolates are prone to selective transmission and thus form a challenge to case management. As most of the rapid malaria diagnostic tests are based on the detection of HRP2 protein in the blood, we attempted to use Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) as a biomarker for the diagnosis of P. falciparum. Recombinant PfGDH was successfully cloned, expressed and purified using the Ni-NTA approach. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against full-length rPfGDH and its peptides. Antibodies for rPfGDH showed a strong immune response against the recombinant protein. However, antibody showed no affinity towards the peptides, which suggests they failed as antigen. Antibodies for rPfGDH significantly detected the GDH in human blood specimens. This is the first report where P. falciparum GDH was detected in malaria cases from various parts of India. The raised polyclonal antibodies had shown an affinity for PfGDH in quantitative ELISA and are capable to be exploited for RDTs. This research needs further statistical validation on a large number and different sample types from candidates infected with P. falciparum and other species.
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Ahmad A, Verma AK, Krishna S, Sharma A, Singh N, Bharti PK. Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase is genetically conserved across eight malaria endemic states of India: Exploring new avenues of malaria elimination. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218210. [PMID: 31199842 PMCID: PMC6568416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis is very critical for management, control and elimination of the malaria. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have improved the diagnosis and management of malaria in remote areas, community and places where microscopy is not available for diagnosis. According to WHO report 2018, Plasmodium falciparum malaria constitutes more than 50% of malaria cases in India. Most of the RDTs used for diagnosis of falciparum malaria today employ HRP2 as a target antigen. However, low density parasitemia and deletion of hrp-2 gene in P. falciparum leads to false negative results and necessitates the development of alternative/ new or improved RDT for malaria diagnosis. We have analysed the genetic diversity and homology modelling of Pfgdh (glutamate dehydrogenase), ldh (lactate dehydrogenase) and aldolase genes in P. falciparum isolates from the eight endemic states of India to assess their potential as antigen for RDT development. We observed negligible sequence diversity in Pfgdh in comparison to the low level of diversity in ldh and aldolase gene. No structural or functional changes were observed in modelling studies and all three genes were under negative purifying selection pressure. The highly conserved nature of pfgdh gene suggests that GDH could be a potential target molecule for Pan/Pf diagnostic test for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Garha, Jabalpur, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Garha, Jabalpur, India
| | - Sri Krishna
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Garha, Jabalpur, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Pachpedi, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Garha, Jabalpur, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Bharti
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Garha, Jabalpur, India
- * E-mail:
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Singh NK, Jain P, Das S, Goswami P. Dye Coupled Aptamer-Captured Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction for Detection of Pan Malaria and P. falciparum Species in Laboratory Settings and Instrument-Free Paper-Based Platform. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4213-4221. [PMID: 30793883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Malaria diagnosis methods offering species-specific information on the causative parasites, along with their flexibility to use in different resource settings, have great demand for precise treatment and management of the disease. Herein, we report the detection of pan malaria and P. falciparum species using a dye-based reaction catalyzed by the biomarker enzymes Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase ( PLDH) and Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase ( PfGDH), respectively, through instrument-based and instrument-free approaches. For the detection, two ssDNA aptamers specific to the corresponding PLDH and PfGDH were used. The aptamer-captured enzymes were detected through a substrate-dependent reaction coupled with the conversion of resazurin (blue, ∼λ605nm) to resorufin (pink, ∼λ570nm) dye. The reaction was monitored by measuring the fluorescence intensity at λ660nm for resorufin, absorbance ratio (λ570nm/λ605nm), and change in color (blue to pink). The detection approach could be customized to a spectrophotometer-based method and an instrument-free device. For both the approaches, the biomarkers were captured from the serum samples with the help of aptamer-coated magnetic beads prior to the analysis to exclude potential interferences from the serum. In the instrument-free device, a medical syringe (5 mL) prefabricated with a magnet was used for in situ separation of the enzyme-captured beads from the reaction supernatant. The converted dye in the supernatant was then efficiently adsorbed over a DEAE cellulose-treated paper wick assembled in the syringe hose. The biomarkers could be detected by both qualitative and quantitative format following the color and pixel intensity, respectively, developed on the paper surface. The developed method and technique offered detection of the biomarkers within a clinically relevant dynamic range, with the limit of detection values in the picomolar level. Flexible detection capability, low cost, interference-free detections, and portable nature (for instrument-free devices) are the major advantages offered by the developed approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , 781039 Assam , India
| | - Priyamvada Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , 781039 Assam , India
| | - Smita Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , 781039 Assam , India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , 781039 Assam , India
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Development of an aptamer-based field effect transistor biosensor for quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase in serum samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:30-35. [PMID: 30308419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuous strive to develop portable, stable, sensitive and low cost detection system for malaria to meet the demand of effective screening actions in developing countries where the disease is most endemic. Herein, we report an aptamer-based field effect transistor (aptaFET) biosensor, developed by using an extended gate field effect transistor with inter-digitated gold microelectrodes (IDµE) for the detection of the malaria biomarker Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase (PfGDH) in serum samples. A 90 mer long ssDNA aptamer (NG3) selective to PfGDH was used in the aptaFET to capture the target protein. The intrinsic surface net charge of the captured protein led to change in gate potential of the aptaFET device, which could be correlated to the concentration of the protein. This biosensor exhibited a sensitive response in broad dynamic range of 100 fM -10 nM with limits of detection of 16.7 pM and 48.6 pM in spiked buffer and serum samples, respectively. The high selectivity of the biosensor for PfGDH was verified by testing relevant analogous human and parasitic proteins on the device. Overall, the results validated the application potential of the developed aptaFET for diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria.
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Singh NK, Chakma B, Jain P, Goswami P. Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement Based Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Dehydrogenase Using Carbon Dot Coupled Specific Aptamer. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:350-357. [PMID: 29722521 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel 90-mer long ssDNA aptamer (NG3) covering a 40-mer random region targeting Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase ( PfGDH) developed through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique. The binding affinity of the aptamer to PfGDH discerned by circular dichroism (CD) was 0.5 ± 0.04 μM. The specificity of the aptamer toward the target was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and CD studies. The presence of two quadruplex forming regions, two big and four small stem loop structures with a δG of -7.99 kcal mol-1 for NG3 were deduced by computational studies. The spherical carbon dots (Cdots) of size 2-4 nm, synthesized by pyrolysis method using l-glutamate as a substrate were covalently linked to the amine modified aptamer. The Cdot with a band gap of 2.8 eV and a quantum yield of 34% produced fluorescence at ∼ λ410 nm when excited at λ320nm. The quantum yield of Cdot-aptamer assembly was increased up to 40% in the presence of the PfGDH in solution. A linear relationship with a dynamic range of 0.5 nM to 25 nM (R2 = 0.98) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.48 nM was observed between the fluorescence intensity of the Cdots-aptamer conjugate and the concentration of PfGDH. The method could detect PfGDH with an LOD of 2.85 nM in diluted serum sample. This novel simple, sensitive and specific protein induced fluorescence enhancement based detection of PfGDH has a great potential to develop as a method for malaria detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Babina Chakma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Priyamvada Jain
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Singh NK, Arya SK, Estrela P, Goswami P. Capacitive malaria aptasensor using Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase as target antigen in undiluted human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:246-252. [PMID: 29909195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A capacitive aptasensor for detecting the malaria biomarker, Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase (PfGDH), directly in human serum samples developed. A thiolated ssDNA aptamer (NG3) that binds specifically to PfGDH antigen with high affinity (Kd= 79 nM) was used to develop the aptasensor. The aptasensor produced capacitance response at an optimized frequency of 2 Hz in a non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance based signal transduction platform. The aptasensor exhibited a wide dynamic range of 100 fM-100 nM with a limits of detection of 0.77 pM in serum samples. The interference from other predominant malarial biomarkers, namely, Plasmodium falciparum -lactate dehydrogenase and -histidine rich protein-II on the aptasensor was negligible. This PfGDH aptasensor with highly sensitive and label free detection capability has great application potential for diagnosis of asymptotic malaria and monitoring the regression of malaria during treatment regime with antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Assam, India
| | - Sunil K Arya
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio) and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (C3Bio) and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Assam, India.
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