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Kocaaga A, Cakmak Genc G, Karakas Celik S, Piskin İE, Calik M, Dursun A. Association of NOD1 and NOD2 Polymorphisms With Susceptibility to Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. J Child Neurol 2022; 38:38-43. [PMID: 36544356 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221144081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is a late complication of measles infection. However, to date, the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is still not explained; both viral and host factors seem to be associated. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between NOD1 and NOD2 gene variants and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Methods: The gene variants of NOD1 (rs2075820 and rs2075818) and NOD2 (R334Q and R334W) were explored in 64 subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients and 70 controls using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequencies of the AA genotype and A allele of rs2075820 (NOD1; c.796G>A) polymorphism were lower in patients compared with controls (P = .022 and .014, respectively). The presence of the A allele of rs2075820 may be considered as a protective factor for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. There was a significant difference between the groups in rs2075818 (NOD1 G/C) polymorphism, and the CC genotype increased the risk of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis by 3.471-fold. The carriers of the C allele of rs2075818 (G/C) had a 1.855-fold susceptibility to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (P = .018). The GC genotype might be associated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis susceptibility in the patients compared with patients without having that haplotype (P = .03). Conclusions: Thus, we identified an association between subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and the rs2075820 (NOD1 G/A) and rs2075818 (NOD1 G/C) polymorphisms. These findings implicate a possible effect of this genetic polymorphism in susceptibility to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, which needs to be confirmed in bigger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Kocaaga
- Department of Medical Genetics, Health Ministery Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gunes Cakmak Genc
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Health Practice and Research Center, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakas Celik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Health Practice and Research Center, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - İbrahim E Piskin
- Department of Pediatrics, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Health Practice and Research Center, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Harran Univercity School of Medicine, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Health Practice and Research Center, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Ofori EA, Tetteh JKA, Frimpong A, Ganeshan H, Belmonte M, Peters B, Villasante E, Sedegah M, Ofori MF, Kusi KA. Comparison of the impact of allelic polymorphisms in PfAMA1 on the induction of T Cell responses in high and low malaria endemic communities in Ghana. Malar J 2021; 20:367. [PMID: 34507582 PMCID: PMC8431259 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria eradication requires a combined effort involving all available control tools, and these efforts would be complemented by an effective vaccine. The antigen targets of immune responses may show polymorphisms that can undermine their recognition by immune effectors and hence render vaccines based on antigens from a single parasite variant ineffective against other variants. This study compared the influence of allelic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) peptide sequences from three strains of P. falciparum (3D7, 7G8 and FVO) on their function as immunodominant targets of T cell responses in high and low malaria transmission communities in Ghana. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 subjects from a high transmission area (Obom) and 10 subjects from a low transmission area (Legon) were tested against 15 predicted CD8 + T cell minimal epitopes within the PfAMA1 antigen of multiple parasite strains using IFN-γ ELISpot assay. The peptides were also tested in similar assays against CD8 + enriched PBMC fractions from the same subjects in an effort to characterize the responding T cell subsets. RESULTS In assays using unfractionated PBMCs, two subjects from the high transmission area, Obom, responded positively to four (26.7%) of the 15 tested peptides. None of the Legon subject PBMCs yielded positive peptide responses using unfractionated PBMCs. In assays with CD8 + enriched PBMCs, three subjects from Obom made positive recall responses to six (40%) of the 15 tested peptides, while only one subject from Legon made a positive recall response to a single peptide. Overall, 5 of the 20 study subjects who had positive peptide-specific IFN-γ recall responses were from the high transmission area, Obom. Furthermore, while subjects from Obom responded to peptides in PfAMA1 from multiple parasite strains, one subject from Legon responded to a peptide from 3D7 strain only. CONCLUSIONS The current data demonstrate the possibility of a real effect of PfAMA1 polymorphisms on the induction of T cell responses in malaria exposed subjects, and this effect may be more pronounced in communities with higher parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer A Ofori
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - John K A Tetteh
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Michael F Ofori
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Su XZ, Zhang C, Joy DA. Host-Malaria Parasite Interactions and Impacts on Mutual Evolution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:587933. [PMID: 33194831 PMCID: PMC7652737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most deadly parasitic disease, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Malaria parasites have been associated with their hosts for millions of years. During the long history of host-parasite co-evolution, both parasites and hosts have applied pressure on each other through complex host-parasite molecular interactions. Whereas the hosts activate various immune mechanisms to remove parasites during an infection, the parasites attempt to evade host immunity by diversifying their genome and switching expression of targets of the host immune system. Human intervention to control the disease such as antimalarial drugs and vaccination can greatly alter parasite population dynamics and evolution, particularly the massive applications of antimalarial drugs in recent human history. Vaccination is likely the best method to prevent the disease; however, a partially protective vaccine may have unwanted consequences that require further investigation. Studies of host-parasite interactions and co-evolution will provide important information for designing safe and effective vaccines and for preventing drug resistance. In this essay, we will discuss some interesting molecules involved in host-parasite interactions, including important parasite antigens. We also discuss subjects relevant to drug and vaccine development and some approaches for studying host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cui Zhang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deirdre A Joy
- Parasitology and International Programs Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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