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Abriham ZY, Belew AK, Baffa LD, Mengistu B, Gasahw M, Mohammod EA, Agimas MC, Sisay M, Angaw DA. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity; implications for malaria control in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e70092. [PMID: 39355094 PMCID: PMC11439746 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.70092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In malaria endemic regions, Plasmodium falciparum infection is characterized by variable genetic diversity at different settings. The parasite's various forms are found at varied frequency in different geographic areas. Understanding malaria parasite diversity and transmission is vital to evaluate control interventions. The aim of this study was under taken to determine the status of P. falciparum genetic diversity and MOI in different regions of Ethiopia. Methods Relevant publications were identified from electronic databases such as; PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and Google. Besides, an online search was done using the above databases for all articles published in English on genetic diversity of P. falciparum in Ethiopia. STATA software was used for data analysis. The pooled estimates were calculated using random effect model. The summary estimates were presented using forest plots and tables. Results A total of 11 studies were included in the systematic review. However, only 8, 10 and 2 studies were included for Pfmsp-1, Pfmsp-2 and glurp gene meta-analysis, respectively. However, the meta-analysis result showed that the pooled prevalence of Pfmsp-1, msp-2 and glurp gene were 84% for both msp-1/2% and 51%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of msp-1 gene was higher in Amhara followed by Oromia region and lower in SNNPR while, for msp-2 gene the pooled prevalence was higher in Benshangul gumez region. Among the allelic family of msp-1 and msp-2 genes, MAD20 (34%) and FC27 (44%) were the most predominant respectively. Conclusion Based on the review, there is evidence of the presence of high genetic diversity of P. falciparum parasites in Ethiopia, suggesting that malaria transmission remain high and that strengthened control efforts are needed. The approaches and methods used for investigation of diversified parasites have similarity between studies and should use advanced molecular techniques, like microsatellite, to assess the genetic diversity of P. falciparum for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Y. Abriham
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Aysheshim K. Belew
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Lemlem D. Baffa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Berhanu Mengistu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Moges Gasahw
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of MedicineCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Esmeal A. Mohammod
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Muluken C. Agimas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
| | - Dessie A. Angaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of GondarGondarEthiopia
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Mwesigwa A, Ocan M, Musinguzi B, Nante RW, Nankabirwa JI, Kiwuwa SM, Kinengyere AA, Castelnuovo B, Karamagi C, Obuku EA, Nsobya SL, Mbulaiteye SM, Byakika-Kibwika P. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2024; 23:97. [PMID: 38589874 PMCID: PMC11000358 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Plasmodium falciparum causes most of the malaria cases. Despite its crucial roles in disease severity and drug resistance, comprehensive data on Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) are sparse in SSA. This study summarizes available information on genetic diversity and MOI, focusing on key markers (msp-1, msp-2, glurp, and microsatellites). The systematic review aimed to evaluate their influence on malaria transmission dynamics and offer insights for enhancing malaria control measures in SSA. METHODS The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Two reviewers conducted article screening, assessed the risk of bias (RoB), and performed data abstraction. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model in STATA version 17. RESULTS The review included 52 articles: 39 cross-sectional studies and 13 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)/cohort studies, involving 11,640 genotyped parasite isolates from 23 SSA countries. The overall pooled mean expected heterozygosity was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51-0.78). Regionally, values varied: East (0.58), Central (0.84), Southern (0.74), and West Africa (0.69). Overall pooled allele frequencies of msp-1 alleles K1, MAD20, and RO33 were 61%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, while msp-2 I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles were 61% and 55%. Central Africa reported higher frequencies (K1: 74%, MAD20: 51%, RO33: 48%) than East Africa (K1: 46%, MAD20: 42%, RO33: 31%). For msp-2, East Africa had 60% and 55% for I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles, while West Africa had 62% and 50%, respectively. The pooled allele frequency for glurp was 66%. The overall pooled mean MOI was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.88-2.30), with regional variations: East (2.05), Central (2.37), Southern (2.16), and West Africa (1.96). The overall prevalence of polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections was 63% (95% CI: 56-70), with regional prevalences as follows: East (62%), West (61%), Central (65%), and South Africa (71%). CONCLUSION The study shows substantial regional variation in Plasmodium falciparum parasite genetic diversity and MOI in SSA. These findings suggest a need for malaria control strategies and surveillance efforts considering regional-specific factors underlying Plasmodium falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mwesigwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, P. O Box 314, Kabale, Uganda.
| | - Moses Ocan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benson Musinguzi
- Departent of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P.O Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Rachel Wangi Nante
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven M Kiwuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere, University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Albert Cook Library, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E-118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Simpson SV, Nundu SS, Arima H, Kaneko O, Mita T, Culleton R, Yamamoto T. The diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 2023; 22:102. [PMID: 36941587 PMCID: PMC10025789 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding Plasmodium falciparum population diversity and transmission dynamics provides information on the intensity of malaria transmission, which is needed for assessing malaria control interventions. This study aimed to determine P. falciparum allelic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). METHODS A total of 438 DNA samples (248 asymptomatic and 190 symptomatic) were characterized by nested PCR and genotyping the polymorphic regions of pfmsp1 block 2 and pfmsp2 block 3. RESULTS Nine allele types were observed in pfmsp1 block2. The K1-type allele was predominant with 78% (229/293) prevalence, followed by the MAD20-type allele (52%, 152/293) and RO33-type allele (44%, 129/293). Twelve alleles were detected in pfmsp2, and the 3D7-type allele was the most frequent with 84% (256/304) prevalence, followed by the FC27-type allele (66%, 201/304). Polyclonal infections were detected in 63% (95% CI 56, 69) of the samples, and the MOI (SD) was 1.99 (0.97) in P. falciparum single-species infections. MOIs significantly increased in P. falciparum isolates from symptomatic parasite carriers compared with asymptomatic carriers (2.24 versus 1.69, adjusted b: 0.36, (95% CI 0.01, 0.72), p = 0.046) and parasitaemia > 10,000 parasites/µL compared to parasitaemia < 5000 parasites/µL (2.68 versus 1.63, adjusted b: 0.89, (95% CI 0.46, 1.25), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This survey showed low allelic diversity and MOI of P. falciparum, which reflects a moderate intensity of malaria transmission in the study areas. MOIs were more likely to be common in symptomatic infections and increased with the parasitaemia level. Further studies in different transmission zones are needed to understand the epidemiology and parasite complexity in the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley V Simpson
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sabin S Nundu
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa-Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Richard Culleton
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Centre, Ehime University, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Programme for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Tadele G, Jaiteh FK, Oboh M, Oriero E, Dugassa S, Amambua-Ngwa A, Golassa L. Low genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 and multiplicity of infections in western Ethiopia following effective malaria interventions. Malar J 2022; 21:383. [PMID: 36522733 PMCID: PMC9753253 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diversity of malaria parasites can inform the intensity of transmission and poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination interventions. Characterization of the genetic diversity would provide essential information about the ongoing control efforts. This study aimed to explore allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) and merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2) to determine the genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections circulating in high and low transmission sites in western Ethiopia. METHODS Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 225 dried blood spots collected from confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria-infected patients in western Ethiopia. Of these, 72.4% (163/225) and 27.6% (62/225) of the samples were collected in high and low transmission areas, respectively. Polymorphic msp1 and msp2 genes were used to explore the genetic diversity and multiplicity of falciparum malaria infections. Genotyping of msp1 was successful in 86.5% (141/163) and 88.7% (55/62) samples collected from high and low transmission areas, respectively. Genotyping of msp2 was carried out among 85.3% (139/163) and 96.8% (60/62) of the samples collected in high and low transmission sites, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 genes were amplified by nested PCR and the PCR products were analysed by QIAxcel ScreenGel Software. A P-value of less or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS High prevalence of falciparum malaria was identified in children less than 15 years as compared with those ≥ 15 years old (AOR = 2.438, P = 0.005). The three allelic families of msp1 (K1, MAD20, and RO33) and the two allelic families of msp2 (FC27 and 3D7), were observed in samples collected in high and low transmission areas. However, MAD 20 and FC 27 alleles were the predominant allelic families in both settings. Plasmodium falciparum isolates circulating in western Ethiopia had low genetic diversity and mean MOI. No difference in mean MOI between high transmission sites (mean MOI 1.104) compared with low transmission area (mean MOI 1.08) (p > 0.05). The expected heterozygosity of msp1 was slightly higher in isolates collected from high transmission sites (He = 0.17) than in those isolates from low transmission (He = 0.12). However, the heterozygosity of msp2 was not different in both settings (Pfmsp2: 0.04 in high transmission; pfmsp2: 0.03 in low transmission). CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum from clinical malaria cases in western Ethiopia has low genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection irrespective of the intensity of transmission at the site of sampling. These may be signaling the effectiveness of malaria control strategies in Ethiopia; although further studies are required to determine how specific intervention strategies and other parameters that drive the pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geletta Tadele
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Fatou K Jaiteh
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Mary Oboh
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Eniyou Oriero
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 and -2 Genes in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Asymptomatic Population in Boset and Badewacho Districts, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:7728975. [PMID: 36569519 PMCID: PMC9771644 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7728975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum has been studied to assess local malaria transmission genetic profile using evidence-based intervention measures. However, there are no known previous reports of P. falciparum polymorphism in Badewacho and Boset districts, Southern Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-1 and -2 (msp-1 and msp-2) allelic families in P. falciparum isolates from an asymptomatic populations. Methods This study was conducted from finger-prick blood samples spotted on 3 mm Whatman filter paper collected during a community-based cross-sectional study. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to type the allelic variants of msp-1 and msp-2. Results From 669 asymptomatic study participants, a total of 50 samples positive for P. falciparum were included for molecular analysis. Of 50 positive samples, 43 P. falciparum isolates were successfully amplified for the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families. A total of twelve different allele sizes (75-250 bp) were identified within the three allelic families of msp-1, whereas ten different allele sizes (250-500 bp) were detected within the two allelic families of msp-2. MAD20 had a higher allelic proportion, 65% among allelic families of msp-1, whereas the 3D7 allelic family 90.7% was higher in msp-2. A slightly higher frequency of polyclonal infection 53.5% was found in msp-2 allelic family, whereas a low proportion polyclonal infection 46.5% was found in msp-1 allelic family. The overall mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp-1 and msp-2 was identical (MOI = 1.56). Correspondingly, the expected heterozygosity (He) value for msp-1 (He = 0.23) and msp-2 (He = 0.22) was almost similar. Conclusions The findings of this study revealed low genetic diversity of the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families in P. falciparum isolates. However, continued monitoring status of the local genetic diversity profile in the P. falciparum population is required to support current malaria control and elimination strategies.
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Reda AG, Messele A, Mohammed H, Assefa A, Golassa L, Mamo H. Temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum population in Metehara, east-central Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:267. [PMID: 36109748 PMCID: PMC9479295 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious, genetically most complex and fastest-evolving malaria parasite. Information on genetic diversity of this parasite would guide policy decision and malaria elimination endeavors. This study explored the temporal dynamics of P. falciparum population in two time points in Metehara, east-central Ethiopia. METHODS The participants were quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction-confirmed patients who were recruited for uncomplicated falciparum malaria therapeutic efficacy test in 2015 and 2019. Dry blood spot samples were analysed by the nested PCR to genotype P. falciparum merozoite surface protein (msp1, msp2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) genes. RESULTS While msp1, msp2 and glurp genotypes were successfully detected in 26(89.7%), 24(82.8%) and 14(48.3%) of 2015 samples (n = 29); the respective figures for 2019 (n = 41) were 31(68.3%), 39(95.1%), 25(61.0%). In 2015, the frequencies of K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic families of msp1, and FC27 and IC/3D7 of msp2 were 19(73.1%), 8(30.6%), 14(53.8%), 21(87.5%), 12(50.5%); and in 2019 it was 15(48.4%), 19(61.3%), 15(48.4%), 30(76.9%), 27(69.2%) respectively. MAD20 has shown dominance over both K1 and RO33 in 2019 compared to the proportion in 2015. Similarly, although FC27 remained dominant, there was shifting trend in the frequency of IC/3D7 from 50.5% in 2015 to 69.2% in 2019. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) and expected heterozygosity index (He) in 2015 and 2019 were respectively [1.43 ± 0.84] and [1.15 ± 0.91], 0.3 and 0.03 for msp1. However, there was no significant association between MOI and age or parasitaemia in both time points. CONCLUSION The lower genetic diversity in P. falciparum population in the two time points and overall declining trend as demonstrated by the lower MOI and He may suggest better progress in malaria control in Metehara. But, the driving force and selective advantage of switching to MAD20 dominance over the other two msp1 allelic families, and the dynamics within msp2 alleles needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Gebretsadik Reda
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Alebachew Messele
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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File T, Golassa L, Dinka H. Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates Reveal Analogous Circulation of 3D7 and FC27 Allelic Variants and Multiplicity of Infection in Urban and Rural Settings: The Case of Adama and Its Surroundings, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:5773593. [PMID: 35371564 PMCID: PMC8966748 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5773593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant progress achieved globally in reducing malaria burden, still it is one of the major public health and economic problems in Ethiopia. Investigation of the local genetic polymorphism of P. falciparum, the most virulent and predominant malaria parasite primarily targeted in malaria control and elimination program, is paramount to assess intensity of parasite transmission. Analysis of the block 3 region of the msp-2 gene of P. falciparum provides strong molecular evidence to evaluate the real picture of malaria epidemiology to fine-tune the ongoing control and elimination programs in the region. Thus, this study was aimed at examining the status of such polymorphic gene and its implications in Adama and its surroundings. Methods 148 isolates from patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were collected in the study from September 2019 to August 2020. Tween® 20 and the Chelex method were employed for parasite DNA extraction. msp-2 allelic families were genotyped by using nested polymerase chain reaction targeting its 3D7 and FC27 allelic variants followed by gel electrophoresis for fragment analysis. Results Seventeen different polymorphic forms of msp-2 allelic fragments were detected in the study area. Moreover, 47 (31.8%) and 41(27.7%) were detected for 3D7 and FC27 allelic families, respectively. Furthermore, the multiclonal allele type accounted for 60 (40.5%). The mean MOI was 1.4, and the heterogeneity index (He) is 0.49 indicating nearly intermediate malaria transmission in the study area. Conclusions The study revealed nearly intermediate genetic diversity and mean MOI of P. falciparum in the study area, demanding further scale up of the ongoing control and elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen File
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
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File T, Chekol T, Solomon G, Dinka H, Golassa L. Detection of high frequency of MAD20 allelic variants of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 gene from Adama and its surroundings, Oromia, Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:385. [PMID: 34579727 PMCID: PMC8477549 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the major challenges in developing an effective vaccine against asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum is genetic polymorphism within parasite population. Understanding the genetic polymorphism like block 2 region of merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) gene of P. falciparum enlighten mechanisms underlining disease pathology, identification of the parasite clone profile from the isolates, transmission intensity and potential deficiencies of the ongoing malaria control and elimination efforts in the locality. Detailed understanding of local genetic polymorphism is an input to pave the way for better management, control and elimination of malaria. The aim of this study was to detect the most frequent allelic variant of the msp-1 gene of P. falciparum clinical isolates from selected health facilities in Adama town and its surroundings, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods One hundred thirty-nine clinical isolates were successfully amplified for msp-1 gene using specific primers. Nested PCR amplification was conducted targeting K1, MAD20, and R033 alleles followed by gel electrophoresis for fragment analysis. Based on the detection of a PCR fragment, infections were classified as monoclonal or multiple infections. Results 19 different size polymorphism of msp-1 gene were identified in the study, with 67(48%) MAD20, 18 (13%) K-1 and 18 (13%) RO33 allelic family. Whereas, the multiple infections were 21(15%), 8 (5.8%), 4(2.9%), 3(2.2%) for MAD20 + K-1, MAD20 + RO33, K-1 + RO33, and MAD20 + K-1, RO33, respectively. The overall Multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 1.3 and the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.39 indicating slightly low falciparum malaria transmission. Conclusion The status of msp-1 allele size polymorphism, MOI and He observed in the study revealed the presence of slightly low genetic diversity of P. falciparum clinical isolates. However, highly frequent MAD20 allelic variant was detected from clinical isolates in the study area. Moreover, the driving force that led to high predominance of MAD20 allelic variant revealed in such malaria declining region demands further research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03914-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen File
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Tsegaye Chekol
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Solomon
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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9
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Ralinoro F, Rakotomanga TA, Rakotosaona R, Doll Rakoto DA, Menard D, Jeannoda V, Ratsimbasoa A. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in three malaria transmission settings in Madagascar. Malar J 2021; 20:239. [PMID: 34044837 PMCID: PMC8161981 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from various malaria transmission settings could help to define tailored local strategies for malaria control and elimination. Such assessments are currently scarce in Madagascar. The study presented here aimed to bridge this gap by investigating the genetic diversity of P. falciparum populations in three epidemiological strata (Equatorial, Tropical and Fringes) in Madagascar. METHODS Two-hundred and sixty-six P. falciparum isolates were obtained from patients with uncomplicated malaria enrolled in clinical drug efficacy studies conducted at health centres in Tsaratanana (Equatorial stratum), Antanimbary (Tropical stratum) and Anjoma Ramartina (Fringes) in 2013 and 2016. Parasite DNA was extracted from blood samples collected before anti-malarial treatment. Plasmodium species were identified by nested PCR targeting the 18 S rRNA gene. The genetic profiles of P. falciparum parasites were defined by allele-specific nested PCR on the polymorphic regions of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes. RESULTS Fifty-eight alleles were detected in the P. falciparum samples tested: 18 alleles for msp-1 and 40 for msp-2. K1 (62.9%, 139/221) and FC27 (69.5%, 114/164) were the principal msp-1 and msp-2 allele families detected, although the proportions of the msp-1 and msp-2 alleles varied significantly between sites. Polyclonal infections were more frequent at sites in the Equatorial stratum (69.8%) than at sites in the Tropical stratum (60.5%) or Fringes (58.1%). Population genetics analyses showed that genetic diversity was similar between sites and that parasite flow within sites was limited. CONCLUSIONS This study provides recent information about the genetic diversity of P. falciparum populations in three transmission strata in Madagascar, and valuable baseline data for further evaluation of the impact of the control measures implemented in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezantsoa Ralinoro
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Tovonahary Angelo Rakotomanga
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit and INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur Paris, Paris, France
| | - Victor Jeannoda
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Arsene Ratsimbasoa
- National Malaria Control Programme of Madagascar, Androhibe, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.
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Mohammed H, Assefa A, Chernet M, Wuletaw Y, Commons RJ. Genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Melka-Werer, North East Ethiopia based on the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2) gene as a molecular marker. Malar J 2021; 20:85. [PMID: 33579293 PMCID: PMC7881608 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The characterization of parasite populations circulating in malaria endemic areas is necessary to evaluate the success of ongoing interventions and malaria control strategies. This study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the semi-arid area in North East Ethiopia, using the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2) gene as a molecular marker. Methods Dried blood spot isolates were collected from patients with P. falciparum infection between September 2014 and January 2015 from Melka-Werer, North East Ethiopia. Parasite DNA was extracted and genotyped using allele-specific nested polymerase chain reactions for msp2. Results 52 isolates were collected with msp2 identified in 41 (78.8%) isolates. Allele typing of the msp2 gene detected the 3D7/IC allelic family in 54% and FC27 allelic family in 46%. A total of 14 different msp2 genotypes were detected including 6 belonging to the 3D7/IC family and 8 to the FC27 family. Forty percent of isolates had multiple genotypes and the overall mean multiplicity of infections (MOI) was 1.2 (95%CI 0.96–1.42). The heterozygosity index was 0.50 for the msp2 locus. There was no difference in MOI between age groups. A negative correlation between parasite density and multiplicity of infection was found (p = 0.02). Conclusion Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the semi-arid area of North East Ethiopia are mainly monoclonal with low MOI and limited genetic diversity in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammed
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melkie Chernet
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Wuletaw
- Malaria, Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert J Commons
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.,Internal Medicine Services, Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Australia
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