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Aninagyei E, Deku JG, Yemofio KT, Quainoo E, Ntiri KA, Yaro E, Essandoh P, Agbogli HK, Asmah RH. Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic accuracies of four different malaria rapid diagnostic test kits available in Ghana. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302840. [PMID: 38713676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) kit is one of the techniques for diagnosing malaria. Due to its inherent advantages over the microscopy technique, several brands of the kit have flooded malaria endemic countries, without prior in-country evaluation. Two of such mRDT kits are Oscar (India) and Standard Q (Korea Republic). In this study, the performance of Oscar and Standard Q mRDT kits were compared to First Response (India) and CareStart (USA) mRDTs, which have been evaluated and deployed for use approved by the Ministry of Health (MOH). In this comparative study, whole blood samples were collected from patients suspected of malaria. Plasmodium falciparum was detected in each sample using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR), microscopy and the four mRDTs. The sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, positive and negative predictive values and accuracies of the mRDTs were determined using nPCR as a reference technique. Kappa statistic was used to determine the level of agreement among the techniques. Two hundred (200) blood samples were analyzed in this study. The overall detection rates of P. falciparum by microscopy, First Response, CareStart, Oscar-PfHRP2, Standard Q mRDT kits and nPCR were 31.5%, 34.5%, 33.5%, 32%, 31% and 43% (x2 = 6.1, p = 0.046), respectively. The accuracies of CareStart and First Response were comparable (90.5% vs. 89.5%). Further, comparing their sensitivities, Oscar-PfHRP2 was 74.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 63.9-83.2) while that of Standard Q was 72.1% (95% CI: 61.4-81.2), with comparable accuracies (Oscar-PfHRP2-89% and Standard Q -88%). Apart from First Response that was 98.3% specific, the others were 100% specific. Kappa test revealed perfect diagnostic agreement (κ = 0.90-0.98) among the four mRDTs. That notwithstanding, Oscar-PfHRP2 agreed better with CareStart (κ = 0.94) and First Response (κ = 0.92) compared to the agreement between Standard Q and, CareStart (κ = 0.92) and First Response (κ = 0.90). Taken together, the diagnostic performance of the four mRDT kits were statistically similar. That notwithstanding, new mRDT kits should be evaluated prior to deployment for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - John Gameli Deku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Keren Trishia Yemofio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ekua Quainoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Kofi Adjei Ntiri
- Ghana Health Service, Amamorley Health Center, Ga North Municipality, Greater Accra Region, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Yaro
- Ghana Health Service, Ga North Municipal Health Directorate, Ofankor-Accra, Ghana
| | - Priscilla Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Hubert Kwame Agbogli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Richard Harry Asmah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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Cao P, Kho S, Grigg MJ, Barber BE, Piera KA, William T, Poespoprodjo JR, Jang IK, Simpson JA, McCaw JM, Anstey NM, McCarthy JS, Britton S. Characterisation of Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase dynamics in P. vivax infections. Commun Biol 2024; 7:355. [PMID: 38519588 PMCID: PMC10959993 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase (PvLDH) is an essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway of P. vivax. It is widely used as a diagnostic biomarker and a measure of total-body parasite biomass in vivax malaria. However, the dynamics of PvLDH remains poorly understood. Here, we developed mathematical models that capture parasite and matrix PvLDH dynamics in ex vivo culture and the human host. We estimated key biological parameters characterising in vivo PvLDH dynamics based on longitudinal data of parasitemia and PvLDH concentration collected from P. vivax-infected humans, with the estimates informed by the ex vivo data as prior knowledge in a Bayesian hierarchical framework. We found that the in vivo accumulation rate of intraerythrocytic PvLDH peaks at 10-20 h post-invasion (late ring stage) with a median estimate of intraerythrocytic PvLDH mass at the end of the life cycle to be 9.4 × 10-3ng. We also found that the median estimate of in vivo PvLDH half-life was approximately 21.9 h. Our findings provide a foundation with which to advance our quantitative understanding of P. vivax biology and will facilitate the improvement of PvLDH-based diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxing Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Kho
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Papuan Community Health and Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Timothy William
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Jeanne R Poespoprodjo
- Papuan Community Health and Development Foundation, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, Timika General Hospital, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James M McCaw
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sumudu Britton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Ramli AH, Swain P, Mohd Fahmi MSA, Abas F, Leong SW, Tejo BA, Shaari K, Ali AH, Agustar HK, Awang R, Ng YL, Lau YL, Md Razali MA, Mastuki SN, Mohmad Misnan N, Mohd Faudzi SM, Kim CH. Preliminary insight on diarylpentanoids as potential antimalarials: In silico, in vitro pLDH and in vivo zebrafish toxicity assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27462. [PMID: 38495201 PMCID: PMC10943399 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide, including in Southeast Asia. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chloroquine (CQ) are effective, but problems with drug resistance and toxicity have necessitated a continuous search for new effective antimalarial agents. Here we report on a virtual screening of ∼300 diarylpentanoids and derivatives, in search of potential Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) inhibitors with acceptable drug-like properties. Several molecules with binding affinities comparable to CQ were chosen for in vitro validation of antimalarial efficacy. Among them, MS33A, MS33C and MS34C are the most promising against CQ-sensitive (3D7) with EC50 values of 1.6, 2.5 and 3.1 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, MS87 (EC50 of 1.85 μM) shown the most active against the CQ-resistant Gombak A strain, and MS33A and MS33C the most effective P. knowlesi inhibitors (EC50 of 3.6 and 5.1 μM, respectively). The in vitro cytotoxicity of selected diarylpentanoids (MS33A, MS33C, MS34C and MS87) was tested on Vero mammalian cells to evaluate parasite selectivity (SI), showing moderate to low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 82 μM). In addition, MS87 exhibited a high SI and the lowest resistance index (RI), suggesting that MS87 may exert effective parasite inhibition with low resistance potential in the CQ-resistant P. falciparum strain. Furthermore, the in vivo toxicity of the molecules on early embryonic development, the cardiovascular system, heart rate, motor activity and apoptosis were assessed in a zebrafish animal model. The overall results indicate the preliminary potential of diarylpentanoids, which need further investigation for their development as new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Hani Ramli
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puspanjali Swain
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Syafiq Akmal Mohd Fahmi
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bimo Ario Tejo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusdam Awang
- UPM - MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Ng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazlan Mohmad Misnan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
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Nana RRD, Ngum NL, Makoge V, Amvongo-Adja N, Hawadak J, Singh V. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria diagnosis in Cameroon: impact of histidine rich protein 2/3 deletions and lactate dehydrogenase gene polymorphism. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116103. [PMID: 37944271 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDT) play a vital role in malaria control in endemic areas. In this study, histidine-rich protein (hrp) and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) genes were genotyped in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium ovale (Po) spp. isolates. Deletions in P. falciparum hrp2/3 (pfhrp2/3) proteins and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed. Twenty-four samples were analyzed for pfhrp2/3 gene deletions and 25 for SNPs in ldh gene (18 Pf and 7 Po spp.). Deletions in pfhrp2/3 genes were observed in 1.9% malaria positive isolates. The pfldh gene sequences showed one SNP at codon 272 (D272N) in 22.2% of samples while in Po spp., sequences were 100% similar to P. ovale curtisi but when compared to P. ovale wallikeri reference sequence, SNPs at positions 143 (P143S), 168 (K168N), 204 (V204I) were found. Findings suggest low prevalence in pfhrp2/3 genes and highlight the circulation of P. ovale curtisi in the studies areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Roman Dongang Nana
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon; Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India..
| | - Ngum Lesly Ngum
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Valerie Makoge
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo-Adja
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants studies (IMPM), P.O Box 13033 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi 110077, India..
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Heikal MF, Putra WE, Sustiprijatno, Rifa’i M, Hidayatullah A, Ningsih FN, Widiastuti D, Shuib AS, Zulfiani BF, Hanasepti AF. In Silico Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Potential Anti-Malarial Agents from Zingiberaceae as Potential Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH) Enzyme Inhibitors. Trop Life Sci Res 2023; 34:1-20. [PMID: 38144376 PMCID: PMC10735256 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2023.34.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a major public health issue in a number of countries, particularly in tropical regions-the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum encourages new drug discovery research. The key to Plasmodium falciparum survival is energy production up to 100 times greater than other parasites, primarily via the PfLDH. This study targets PfLDH with natural bioactive compounds from the Zingiberaceae family through molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies. Sulcanal, quercetin, shogosulfonic acid C, galanal A and naringenin are the Top 5 compounds with a lower binding energy value than chloroquine, which was used as a control in this study. By binding to NADH and substrate binding site residues, the majority of them are expected to inhibit pyruvate conversion to lactate and NAD+ regeneration. When compared to sulcanal and control drugs, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study indicated that quercetin may be the most stable molecule when interacting with PfLDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fikri Heikal
- Tropical Medicine International Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123, Mittraparp Highway, Muang District Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Wira Eka Putra
- Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Cakrawala No.5, Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, 65145 East Java. Indonesia
| | - Sustiprijatno
- Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong-Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Rifa’i
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Ketawanggede, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, 65145 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Arief Hidayatullah
- Health Governance Initiative, United Nations Development Programme Indonesia, Eijkman-RSCM Building, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Febby Nurdiya Ningsih
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drug, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Diana Widiastuti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Pakuan, Jl. Pakuan, Tegallega. Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, 16143 West Java, Indonesia
| | - Adawiyah Suriza Shuib
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Baiq Feby Zulfiani
- Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Cakrawala No.5, Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, 65145 East Java. Indonesia
| | - Afrabias Firyal Hanasepti
- Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Cakrawala No.5, Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, 65145 East Java. Indonesia
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Chen J, Zhou J, Peng Y, Xie Y, Xiao Y. Aptamers: A prospective tool for infectious diseases diagnosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24725. [PMID: 36245423 PMCID: PMC9701868 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that people's health is seriously threatened by various pathogens (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, Novel coronavirus, HIV, Mucor, etc.), which leads to heavy socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, early and accurate pathogen diagnosis is essential for timely and effective therapies. Up to now, diagnosing human contagious diseases at molecule and nano levels is remarkably difficult owing to insufficient valid probes when it comes to determining the biological markers of pathogens. Aptamers are a set of high‐specificity and high‐sensitivity plastic oligonucleotides screened in vitro via the selective expansion of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). With the advent of aptamer‐based technologies, their merits have aroused mounting academic interest. In recent years, as new detection and treatment tools, nucleic acid aptamers have been extensively utilized in the field of biomedicine, such as pathogen detection, new drug development, clinical diagnosis, nanotechnology, etc. However, the traditional SELEX method is cumbersome and has a long screening cycle, and it takes several months to screen out aptamers with high specificity. With the persistent development of SELEX‐based aptamer screening technologies, the application scenarios of aptamers have become more and more extensive. The present research briefly reviews the research progress of nucleic acid aptamers in the field of biomedicine, especially in the diagnosis of contagious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahuan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yunchi Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yongjian Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Diagnostic performance of a 5-plex malaria immunoassay in regions co-endemic for Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. malariae and P. ovale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7286. [PMID: 35508558 PMCID: PMC9068623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial point-of-care tests remain insufficient for accurately detecting and differentiating low-level malaria infections in regions co-endemic with multiple non-falciparum species, including zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk). A 5-plex chemiluminescent assay simultaneously measures pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), P. falciparum (Pf)-LDH, P. vivax (Pv)-LDH, Pf-histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2), and C-reactive protein. We assessed its diagnostic performance on whole blood (WB) samples from 102 healthy controls and 306 PCR-confirmed clinical cases of Pf, Pv, Pk, P. malariae (Pm) and P. ovale (Po) mono-infections from Southeast-Asia. We confirm its excellent HRP2-based detection of Pf. Cross-reactivity of Pf-LDH with all non-falciparum species tested was observed (specificity 57.3%). Pv-LDH performance was suboptimal for Pv (93.9% sensitivity and 73.9% specificity). Poor specificity was driven by strong Pk cross-reactivity, with Pv-LDH detecting 93.9% of Pk infections. The pan-LDH-to-Pf-LDH ratio was capable of discerning Pv from Pk, and robustly differentiated Pf from Pm or Po infection, useful in regions with hrp2/3 deletions. We tested the platform’s performance in plasma for the first time, with WB outperforming plasma for all analytes except Pv-LDH for Pk. The platform is a promising tool for WB malaria diagnosis, although further development is warranted to improve its utility in regions co-endemic for multiple non-falciparum species.
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Tumewu L, A'yun LQ, Ilmi H, Hafid AF, Widyawaruyanti A. Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark contains antimalarial substances against Plasmodium falciparum. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:853-858. [PMID: 34214326 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The finding of alternative medicine for malarial treatment still has become a substantial demand. The plant is one of the potential sources of drugs, among other natural sources. Artocarpus species showed great potential as the antimalarial source. This study aims to obtain active antimalarial fractions from Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark. METHODS Stem bark of A. sericicarpus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol as solvents. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract was conducted by open column chromatography using octadecyl silica as a stationary phase and gradient acetonitrile-water as a mobile phase. The antimalarial activity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. RESULTS A. sericicarpus n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts were showed antimalarial activity with an IC50 value of >4, 2.11, and >4 μg/mL, respectively. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract was obtained 13 fractions. Seven of the 13 fractions tested showed antimalarial activity. Fraction-6 performed the highest inhibition with an IC50 value of 1.53 ± 0.04 μg/mL. Phytochemistry screening revealed that Fraction-6 contains flavonoid, polyphenol, and terpenoid compounds that can take a role in its antimalarial activity. CONCLUSIONS A. sericicarpus contains antimalarial substances mainly in Fraction-6, which strongly inhibited the growth of P. falciparum. The flavonoid, polyphenol, and terpenoid compounds were identified in Fraction-6, which need to be further isolated to obtain and elucidate the active antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidya Tumewu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lutfah Qurrota A'yun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hilkatul Ilmi
- Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Fuad Hafid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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