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Mwesigwa A, Ocan M, Musinguzi B, Nante RW, Nankabirwa JI, Kiwuwa SM, Kinengyere AA, Castelnuovo B, Karamagi C, Obuku EA, Nsobya SL, Mbulaiteye SM, Byakika-Kibwika P. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2024; 23:97. [PMID: 38589874 PMCID: PMC11000358 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Plasmodium falciparum causes most of the malaria cases. Despite its crucial roles in disease severity and drug resistance, comprehensive data on Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) are sparse in SSA. This study summarizes available information on genetic diversity and MOI, focusing on key markers (msp-1, msp-2, glurp, and microsatellites). The systematic review aimed to evaluate their influence on malaria transmission dynamics and offer insights for enhancing malaria control measures in SSA. METHODS The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Two reviewers conducted article screening, assessed the risk of bias (RoB), and performed data abstraction. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model in STATA version 17. RESULTS The review included 52 articles: 39 cross-sectional studies and 13 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)/cohort studies, involving 11,640 genotyped parasite isolates from 23 SSA countries. The overall pooled mean expected heterozygosity was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51-0.78). Regionally, values varied: East (0.58), Central (0.84), Southern (0.74), and West Africa (0.69). Overall pooled allele frequencies of msp-1 alleles K1, MAD20, and RO33 were 61%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, while msp-2 I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles were 61% and 55%. Central Africa reported higher frequencies (K1: 74%, MAD20: 51%, RO33: 48%) than East Africa (K1: 46%, MAD20: 42%, RO33: 31%). For msp-2, East Africa had 60% and 55% for I/C 3D7 and FC27 alleles, while West Africa had 62% and 50%, respectively. The pooled allele frequency for glurp was 66%. The overall pooled mean MOI was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.88-2.30), with regional variations: East (2.05), Central (2.37), Southern (2.16), and West Africa (1.96). The overall prevalence of polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections was 63% (95% CI: 56-70), with regional prevalences as follows: East (62%), West (61%), Central (65%), and South Africa (71%). CONCLUSION The study shows substantial regional variation in Plasmodium falciparum parasite genetic diversity and MOI in SSA. These findings suggest a need for malaria control strategies and surveillance efforts considering regional-specific factors underlying Plasmodium falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mwesigwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, P. O Box 314, Kabale, Uganda.
| | - Moses Ocan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benson Musinguzi
- Departent of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P.O Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Rachel Wangi Nante
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter I Nankabirwa
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven M Kiwuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere, University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Albert Cook Library, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Karamagi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- African Center for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samuel L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, 6E-118, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Baina MT, Djontu JC, Lissom A, Doulamo NVA, Umuhoza DM, Ntabi JDM, Vouvoungui CJ, Boumpoutou RK, Mayela J, Diafouka-Kietela S, Nguimbi E, Ntoumi F. Plasmodium falciparum msp-1 and msp-2 genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in isolates from Congolese patients in the Republic of Congo. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2433-2443. [PMID: 37624380 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With limited up to date data from the Republic of Congo, the aim of this study was to investigate allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2). This will help assess the genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection (MOI), from uncomplicated malaria individuals living in Brazzaville. Between March and October 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out at a health center in Madibou District located in the south of Brazzaville. Plasmodium infection was diagnosed in human blood by microscopy and the block 2 of P. falciparum msp-1 and block 3 of msp-2 genes were genotyped by nested PCR. Overall, 57 genotypes with fragment sizes ranging from 110 to 410 bp were recorded for msp-1, among which 25, 21, and 11 genotypes identified for K1, MAD20, and RO33 allelic families respectively. RO33 (34.3%) and MAD20 (34.3%) allelic families were more frequent compared to K1 (31.4%) although the difference was not statistically significant. Also, 47 msp-2 genotypes were identified, including 26 FC27 genotypes type, and 21 genotypes belonging to the 3D7 allelic family. FC27 was more frequent (52.3%) compared to 3D7 (47.7%). The prevalence of the polyclonal infection was 90.0% while the MOI was 2.90 ± 1.0. The MOI and polyclonal infection were not significantly associated with the parasitaemia and anaemia. This study reveals a high genetic diversity and the trend of increasing MOI of P. falciparum isolates from the south of Brazzaville, compared to the reports from the same setting before the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tapsou Baina
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Abel Lissom
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Naura Veil Assioro Doulamo
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Dieu Merci Umuhoza
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jacque Dollon Mbama Ntabi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Christevy Jeanney Vouvoungui
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jolivet Mayela
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Etienne Nguimbi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 and -2 Genes in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates among Asymptomatic Population in Boset and Badewacho Districts, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:7728975. [PMID: 36569519 PMCID: PMC9771644 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7728975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum has been studied to assess local malaria transmission genetic profile using evidence-based intervention measures. However, there are no known previous reports of P. falciparum polymorphism in Badewacho and Boset districts, Southern Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-1 and -2 (msp-1 and msp-2) allelic families in P. falciparum isolates from an asymptomatic populations. Methods This study was conducted from finger-prick blood samples spotted on 3 mm Whatman filter paper collected during a community-based cross-sectional study. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to type the allelic variants of msp-1 and msp-2. Results From 669 asymptomatic study participants, a total of 50 samples positive for P. falciparum were included for molecular analysis. Of 50 positive samples, 43 P. falciparum isolates were successfully amplified for the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families. A total of twelve different allele sizes (75-250 bp) were identified within the three allelic families of msp-1, whereas ten different allele sizes (250-500 bp) were detected within the two allelic families of msp-2. MAD20 had a higher allelic proportion, 65% among allelic families of msp-1, whereas the 3D7 allelic family 90.7% was higher in msp-2. A slightly higher frequency of polyclonal infection 53.5% was found in msp-2 allelic family, whereas a low proportion polyclonal infection 46.5% was found in msp-1 allelic family. The overall mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp-1 and msp-2 was identical (MOI = 1.56). Correspondingly, the expected heterozygosity (He) value for msp-1 (He = 0.23) and msp-2 (He = 0.22) was almost similar. Conclusions The findings of this study revealed low genetic diversity of the msp-1 and msp-2 allelic families in P. falciparum isolates. However, continued monitoring status of the local genetic diversity profile in the P. falciparum population is required to support current malaria control and elimination strategies.
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Assefa A, Mohammed H, Anand A, Abera A, Sime H, Minta AA, Tadesse M, Tadesse Y, Girma S, Bekele W, Etana K, Alemayehu BH, Teka H, Dilu D, Haile M, Solomon H, Moriarty LF, Zhou Z, Svigel SS, Ezema B, Tasew G, Woyessa A, Hwang J, Murphy M. Therapeutic efficacies of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and chloroquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax infection in Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:359. [PMID: 36451216 PMCID: PMC9714156 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine monitoring of anti-malarial drugs is recommended for early detection of drug resistance and to inform national malaria treatment guidelines. In Ethiopia, the national treatment guidelines employ a species-specific approach. Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and chloroquine (CQ) are the first-line schizonticidal treatments for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, respectively. The National Malaria Control and Elimination Programme in Ethiopia is considering dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PPQ) as an alternative regimen for P. falciparum and P. vivax. METHODS The study assessed the clinical and parasitological efficacy of AL, CQ, and DHA/PPQ in four arms. Patients over 6 months and less than 18 years of age with uncomplicated malaria mono-infection were recruited and allocated to AL against P. falciparum and CQ against P. vivax. Patients 18 years or older with uncomplicated malaria mono-infection were recruited and randomized to AL or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PPQ) against P. falciparum and CQ or DHA/PPQ for P. vivax. Patients were followed up for 28 (for CQ and AL) or 42 days (for DHA/PPQ) according to the WHO recommendations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected and uncorrected estimates were analysed by Kaplan Meier survival analysis and per protocol methods. RESULTS A total of 379 patients were enroled in four arms (n = 106, AL-P. falciparum; n = 75, DHA/PPQ- P. falciparum; n = 142, CQ-P. vivax; n = 56, DHA/PPQ-P. vivax). High PCR-corrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates were observed at the primary end points of 28 days for AL and CQ and 42 days for DHA/PPQ. ACPR rates were 100% in AL-Pf (95% CI: 96-100), 98% in CQ-P. vivax (95% CI: 95-100) at 28 days, and 100% in the DHA/PPQ arms for both P. falciparum and P. vivax at 42 days. For secondary endpoints, by day three 99% of AL-P. falciparum patients (n = 101) cleared parasites and 100% were afebrile. For all other arms, 100% of patients cleared parasites and were afebrile by day three. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy for the anti-malarial drugs currently used by the malaria control programme in Ethiopia and provides information on the efficacy of DHA/PPQ for the treatment of P. falciparum and P. vivax as an alternative option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Hussein Mohammed
- grid.452387.f0000 0001 0508 7211Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anjoli Anand
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Adugna Abera
- grid.452387.f0000 0001 0508 7211Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Heven Sime
- grid.452387.f0000 0001 0508 7211Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anna A. Minta
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | | | - Samuel Girma
- ICAP at Columbia University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ,U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, USA Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Bekele
- World Health Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Etana
- grid.414835.f0000 0004 0439 6364Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hiwot Teka
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, USA Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Dilu
- grid.414835.f0000 0004 0439 6364Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrahtom Haile
- grid.414835.f0000 0004 0439 6364Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Solomon
- grid.414835.f0000 0004 0439 6364Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leah F. Moriarty
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhou
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Samaly Souza Svigel
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Bryan Ezema
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Malaria Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Geremew Tasew
- grid.452387.f0000 0001 0508 7211Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Woyessa
- grid.452387.f0000 0001 0508 7211Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jimee Hwang
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Matthew Murphy
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Proteins Polymorphisms and Treatment Outcomes among Patients with Uncomplicated Malaria in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5089143. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5089143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The severity of malaria infection depends on the host, parasite and environmental factors. Merozoite surface protein (msp) diversity determines transmission dynamics, P. falciparum immunity evasion, and pathogenesis or virulence. There is limited updated information on P. falciparum msp polymorphisms and their impact on artemether-lumefantrine treatment outcomes in Tanzania. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining msp genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) among P. falciparum malaria patients. The influence of MOI on peripheral parasite clearance and adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was also assessed. Methods. Parasite DNA was extracted from dried blood spots according to the manufacture’s protocol. Primary and nested PCR were performed. The PCR products for both the block 2 region of msp1 and the block 3 regions of msp2 genes and their specific allelic families were visualized on a 2.5% agarose gel. Results. The majority of the isolates, 58/102 (58.8%) for msp1 and 69/115 (60.1%) for msp2, harboured more than one parasite genotypes. For the msp1 gene, K1 was the predominant allele observed (75.64%), whereas RO33 occurred at the lowest frequency (43.6%). For the msp2 gene, the 3D7 allele was observed at a higher frequency (81.7%) than the FC27 allele (76.9%). The MOIs were 2.44 for msp1 and 2.27 for msp2 (
). A significant correlation between age and multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp1 or MOI for msp2 was not established in this study (rho = 0.074,
and rho = −0.129,
, respectively). Similarly, there was no positive correlation between parasite density at day 1 and MOI for both msp1 (rho = 0.113,
) and msp2 (rho = 0.043,
). The association between MOI and ACPR was not observed for either msp1 or mps2 (
and 0.296, respectively). Conclusions. This study reports high polyclonal infections, MOI and allelic frequencies for both msp1 and msp2. There was a lack of correlation between MOI and ACPR. However, a borderline significant correlation was observed between day 2 parasitaemia and MOI.
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Reda AG, Messele A, Mohammed H, Assefa A, Golassa L, Mamo H. Temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum population in Metehara, east-central Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:267. [PMID: 36109748 PMCID: PMC9479295 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious, genetically most complex and fastest-evolving malaria parasite. Information on genetic diversity of this parasite would guide policy decision and malaria elimination endeavors. This study explored the temporal dynamics of P. falciparum population in two time points in Metehara, east-central Ethiopia. Methods The participants were quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction-confirmed patients who were recruited for uncomplicated falciparum malaria therapeutic efficacy test in 2015 and 2019. Dry blood spot samples were analysed by the nested PCR to genotype P. falciparum merozoite surface protein (msp1, msp2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) genes. Results While msp1, msp2 and glurp genotypes were successfully detected in 26(89.7%), 24(82.8%) and 14(48.3%) of 2015 samples (n = 29); the respective figures for 2019 (n = 41) were 31(68.3%), 39(95.1%), 25(61.0%). In 2015, the frequencies of K1, MAD20 and RO33 allelic families of msp1, and FC27 and IC/3D7 of msp2 were 19(73.1%), 8(30.6%), 14(53.8%), 21(87.5%), 12(50.5%); and in 2019 it was 15(48.4%), 19(61.3%), 15(48.4%), 30(76.9%), 27(69.2%) respectively. MAD20 has shown dominance over both K1 and RO33 in 2019 compared to the proportion in 2015. Similarly, although FC27 remained dominant, there was shifting trend in the frequency of IC/3D7 from 50.5% in 2015 to 69.2% in 2019. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) and expected heterozygosity index (He) in 2015 and 2019 were respectively [1.43 ± 0.84] and [1.15 ± 0.91], 0.3 and 0.03 for msp1. However, there was no significant association between MOI and age or parasitaemia in both time points. Conclusion The lower genetic diversity in P. falciparum population in the two time points and overall declining trend as demonstrated by the lower MOI and He may suggest better progress in malaria control in Metehara. But, the driving force and selective advantage of switching to MAD20 dominance over the other two msp1 allelic families, and the dynamics within msp2 alleles needs further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04277-5.
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Andrianaranjaka VHI, Ravaoarisoa E, Rakotomanga TA, Ralinoro F, Rakoto DAD, Randrianarivo RH, Jeannoda V, Ratsimbasoa A. DNA recovery from used malaria RDT to detect Plasmodium species and to assess Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity: a pilot study in Madagascar. Malar J 2022; 21:227. [PMID: 35883089 PMCID: PMC9327223 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are widely used for malaria diagnosis in Madagascar, where Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species. Molecular diagnosis is essential for malaria surveillance, but requires additional blood samples for DNA extraction. Used RDTs is an attractive alternative that can be used as a source of DNA. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection, usually determined by the genotyping of polymorphic regions of merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 genes (msp1, msp2), and the repeated region RII of the glutamate-rich protein gene (glurp) have been associated with malaria transmission levels and subsequently with the impact of the deployed control strategies. Thus, the study aims to use RDT as DNA source to detect Plasmodium species, to characterize Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and determine the multiplicity of infection. Methods A pilot study was conducted in two sites with different epidemiological patterns: Ankazomborona (low transmission area) and Matanga (high transmission area). On May 2018, used RDT (SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan, 05FK63) were collected as DNA source. Plasmodium DNA was extracted by simple elution with nuclease free water. Nested-PCR were performed to confirm Plasmodium species and to analyse P. falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp genes polymorphisms. Results Amongst the 170 obtained samples (N = 74 from Ankazomborona and N = 96 from Matanga), Plasmodium positivity rate was 23.5% (40/170) [95% CI 17.5–30.8%] by nested-PCR with 92.2% (37/40) positive to P. falciparum, 5% (2/40) to Plasmodium vivax and 2.5% (1/40) to P. falciparum/P. vivax mixed infection. Results showed high polymorphisms in P. falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp genes. Multiple infection rate was 28.6% [95% CI 12.2–52.3%]. The mean of MOI was 1.79 ± 0.74. Conclusion This pilot study highlighted that malaria diagnosis and molecular analysis are possible by using used malaria RDT. A large-scale study needs to be conducted to assess more comprehensively malaria parasites transmission levels and provide new data for guiding the implementation of local strategies for malaria control and elimination. Trial registration Retrospectively registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Voahangy Hanitriniaina I Andrianaranjaka
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Programme National de Lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Elisabeth Ravaoarisoa
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Programme National de Lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tovonahary A Rakotomanga
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Programme National de Lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fanomezantsoa Ralinoro
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Programme National de Lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Danielle A Doll Rakoto
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ranjàna H Randrianarivo
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Victor Jeannoda
- Mention Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Arsène Ratsimbasoa
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Fianarantsoa, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Centre National d'Application de Recherche Pharmaceutique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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File T, Golassa L, Dinka H. Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates Reveal Analogous Circulation of 3D7 and FC27 Allelic Variants and Multiplicity of Infection in Urban and Rural Settings: The Case of Adama and Its Surroundings, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:5773593. [PMID: 35371564 PMCID: PMC8966748 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5773593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant progress achieved globally in reducing malaria burden, still it is one of the major public health and economic problems in Ethiopia. Investigation of the local genetic polymorphism of P. falciparum, the most virulent and predominant malaria parasite primarily targeted in malaria control and elimination program, is paramount to assess intensity of parasite transmission. Analysis of the block 3 region of the msp-2 gene of P. falciparum provides strong molecular evidence to evaluate the real picture of malaria epidemiology to fine-tune the ongoing control and elimination programs in the region. Thus, this study was aimed at examining the status of such polymorphic gene and its implications in Adama and its surroundings. Methods 148 isolates from patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were collected in the study from September 2019 to August 2020. Tween® 20 and the Chelex method were employed for parasite DNA extraction. msp-2 allelic families were genotyped by using nested polymerase chain reaction targeting its 3D7 and FC27 allelic variants followed by gel electrophoresis for fragment analysis. Results Seventeen different polymorphic forms of msp-2 allelic fragments were detected in the study area. Moreover, 47 (31.8%) and 41(27.7%) were detected for 3D7 and FC27 allelic families, respectively. Furthermore, the multiclonal allele type accounted for 60 (40.5%). The mean MOI was 1.4, and the heterogeneity index (He) is 0.49 indicating nearly intermediate malaria transmission in the study area. Conclusions The study revealed nearly intermediate genetic diversity and mean MOI of P. falciparum in the study area, demanding further scale up of the ongoing control and elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen File
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
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Pinto A, Archaga O, Mejía Á, Escober L, Henríquez J, Montoya A, Valdivia HO, Fontecha G. Evidence of a Recent Bottleneck in Plasmodium falciparum Populations on the Honduran-Nicaraguan Border. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111432. [PMID: 34832588 PMCID: PMC8617645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The countries of Central America and the island of Hispaniola have set the goal of eliminating malaria in less than a decade. Although efforts to reduce the malaria burden in the region have been successful, there has been an alarming increase in cases in the Nicaraguan Moskitia since 2014. The continuous decrease in cases between 2000 and 2014, followed by a rapid expansion from 2015 to the present, has generated a potential bottleneck effect in the populations of Plasmodium spp. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and the decrease in allelic richness in this population. The polymorphic regions of the pfmsp-1 and pfmsp-2 genes of patients with falciparum malaria from Honduras and Nicaragua were analyzed using nested PCR and sequencing. Most of the samples were classified into the K1 allelic subfamily of the pfmsp-1 gene and into the 3D7 subfamily of the pfmsp-2 gene. Despite the low genetic diversity found, more than half of the samples presented a polyclonal K1/RO33 haplotype. No sequence polymorphisms were found within each allelic subfamily. This study describes a notable decrease in the genetic diversity of P. falciparum in the Moskitia region after a bottleneck phenomenon. These results will be useful for future epidemiological investigations and the monitoring of malaria transmission in Central America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Pinto
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (A.P.); (O.A.); (Á.M.)
| | - Osman Archaga
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (A.P.); (O.A.); (Á.M.)
| | - Ángel Mejía
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (A.P.); (O.A.); (Á.M.)
| | - Lenin Escober
- National Malaria Laboratory, National Department of Surveillance, Ministry of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (L.E.); (J.H.)
| | - Jessica Henríquez
- National Malaria Laboratory, National Department of Surveillance, Ministry of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (L.E.); (J.H.)
| | - Alberto Montoya
- National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Health Ministry, Managua 11001, Nicaragua;
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima 07006, Peru;
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (A.P.); (O.A.); (Á.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-33935443
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