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Jeon J, Kim HC, Klein TA, Choi KS. Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22009. [PMID: 38086890 PMCID: PMC10716165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is the most predominant mosquito-borne disease that is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. In the Republic of Korea (ROK), there are currently several hundred malaria cases annually, mostly near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). Eight species of Anopheles mosquitoes are currently known to be present in the ROK. Similar to other major malaria vectors in Africa and India, it is very challenging to morphologically differentiate Anopheles mosquitoes in the ROK due to their extremely similar morphology. In this study, wing geometric morphometrics (WGM) were used to differentiate the eight Anopheles species collected at six locations near the DMZ, Seoul and Pyeongtaek from April-October 2021. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes for comparison with WGM analysis and to infer evolutionary relationships. The results of cross-validation (overall accuracy = 74.8%) demonstrated that species identification using WGM alone was not possible with a high accuracy for all eight species. While phylogenetic analyses based on the COI region could not clearly distinguish some species, the analysis based on ITS2 and TH was more useful for resolving the phylogenetic correlation of the eight species. Our results may improve Anopheles species identification strategies for effective identification and control of malaria vectors in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseung Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- U Inc., Daesakwan-ro 34-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04409, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, Pyeongtaek, APO AP 96281-5281, USA
- PSC 450, Box 75R, Pyeongtaek, APO AP 96206, USA
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Artemov GN, Fedorova VS, Karagodin DA, Brusentsov II, Baricheva EM, Sharakhov IV, Gordeev MI, Sharakhova MV. New Cytogenetic Photomap and Molecular Diagnostics for the Cryptic Species of the Malaria Mosquitoes Anopheles messeae and Anopheles daciae from Eurasia. INSECTS 2021; 12:835. [PMID: 34564275 PMCID: PMC8465136 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian malaria vector Anopheles messeae is a widely spread and genetically diverse species. Five widespread polymorphic chromosomal inversions were found in natural populations of this mosquito. A cryptic species, Anopheles daciae, was differentiated from An. messeae by the presence of several nucleotide substitutions in the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA. However, because of the absence of a high-quality reference cytogenetic map, the inversion polymorphisms in An. daciae and An. messeae remain poorly understood. Moreover, a recently determined heterogeneity in ITS2 in An. daciae questioned the accuracy of the previously used Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay for species diagnostics. In this study, a standard-universal cytogenetic map was constructed based on orcein stained images of chromosomes from salivary glands for population studies of the chromosomal inversions that can be used for both An. messeae and An. daciae. In addition, a new ITS2-RFLP approach for species diagnostics was developed. Both methods were applied to characterize inversion polymorphism in populations of An. messeae and An. daciae from a single location in Western Siberia in Russia. The analysis demonstrates that cryptic species are remarkably different in their frequencies of chromosomal inversion variants. Our study supports previous observations that An. messeae has higher inversion polymorphism in all autosomes than the cryptic species An. daciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb N. Artemov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.N.A.); (D.A.K.); (I.I.B.); (I.V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Valentina S. Fedorova
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy A. Karagodin
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.N.A.); (D.A.K.); (I.I.B.); (I.V.S.)
| | - Ilya I. Brusentsov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.N.A.); (D.A.K.); (I.I.B.); (I.V.S.)
| | - Elina M. Baricheva
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Sharakhov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.N.A.); (D.A.K.); (I.I.B.); (I.V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mikhail I. Gordeev
- Department of General Biology and Ecology, Moscow Region State University, 141014 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria V. Sharakhova
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.N.A.); (D.A.K.); (I.I.B.); (I.V.S.)
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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