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Milong Melong CS, Peloewetse E, Russo G, Tamgue O, Tchoumbougnang F, Paganotti GM. An overview of artemisinin-resistant malaria and associated Pfk13 gene mutations in Central Africa. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:277. [PMID: 39023630 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is one of the deadliest and most common tropical infectious diseases. However, the emergence of artemisinin drug resistance associated with the parasite's Pfk13 gene, threatens the public health of individual countries as well as current efforts to reduce malaria burdens globally. It is of concern that artemisinin-resistant parasites may be selected or have already emerged in Africa. This narrative review aims to evaluate the published evidence concerning validated, candidate, and novel Pfk13 polymorphisms in ten Central African countries. Results show that four validated non-synonymous polymorphisms (M476I, R539T, P553L, and P574L), directly associated with a delayed therapy response, have been reported in the region. Also, two Pfk13 polymorphisms associated to artemisinin resistance but not validated (C469F and P527H) have been reported. Furthermore, several non-validated mutations have been observed in Central Africa, and one allele A578S, is commonly found in different countries, although additional molecular and biochemical studies are needed to investigate whether those mutations alter artemisinin effects. This information is discussed in the context of biochemical and genetic aspects of Pfk13, and related to the regional malaria epidemiology of Central African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sabine Milong Melong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, P.O. Box 45498, Gaborone, Riverwalk, Botswana
| | - Elias Peloewetse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag, 0022, Gaborone, UB, Botswana
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ousman Tamgue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Francois Tchoumbougnang
- Department of Processing and Quality Control of Aquatic Products, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Giacomo Maria Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, P.O. Box 45498, Gaborone, Riverwalk, Botswana.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Harney É, Micheletti S, Bruwelheide KS, Freyman WA, Bryc K, Akbari A, Jewett E, Comer E, Louis Gates H, Heywood L, Thornton J, Curry R, Ancona Esselmann S, Barca KG, Sedig J, Sirak K, Olalde I, Adamski N, Bernardos R, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Ferry M, Qiu L, Stewardson K, Workman JN, Zalzala F, Mallick S, Micco A, Mah M, Zhang Z, Rohland N, Mountain JL, Owsley DW, Reich D. The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace. Science 2023; 381:eade4995. [PMID: 37535739 PMCID: PMC10958645 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Few African Americans have been able to trace family lineages back to ancestors who died before the 1870 United States Census, the first in which all Black people were listed by name. We analyzed 27 individuals from Maryland's Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery (1774-1850), identifying 41,799 genetic relatives among consenting research participants in 23andMe, Inc.'s genetic database. One of the highest concentrations of close relatives is in Maryland, suggesting that descendants of the Catoctin individuals remain in the area. We find that many of the Catoctin individuals derived African ancestry from the Wolof or Kongo groups and European ancestry from Great Britain and Ireland. This study demonstrates the power of joint analysis of historical DNA and large datasets generated through direct-to-consumer ancestry testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin Harney
- 23andMe, Inc.; Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Karin S. Bruwelheide
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | | | | | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Comer
- Catoctin Furnace Historical Society; Thurmont, MD, 21788, USA
| | - Henry Louis Gates
- Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Linda Heywood
- Department of History/African American Studies, Boston University; Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - John Thornton
- Department of History/African American Studies, Boston University; Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - Roslyn Curry
- 23andMe, Inc.; Sunnyvale, CA 94043, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Kathryn G. Barca
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | - Jakob Sedig
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque—Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J. Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shop Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Douglas W. Owsley
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Molecular Markers of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance in Samples from Children with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum at Three Sites in Angola in 2019. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0160122. [PMID: 36916920 PMCID: PMC10112138 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01601-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is used for prevention of malaria in pregnant women in Angola. We sequenced the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes, implicated in SP resistance, in samples collected during a 2019 study of artemisinin-based combination therapy efficacy in Benguela, Lunda Sul, and Zaire provinces. A total of 90 day 0 and day of failure samples were individually sequenced, while 508 day 0 samples from participants without recurrent parasitemia were pooled after DNA extraction into 61 pools. The N51I, C59R, and S108N pfdhfr mutations and A437G pfdhps mutations were present at high proportions in all provinces (weighted allele frequencies, 62% to 100%). The K540E pfdhps mutation was present at lower proportions (10% to 14%). The A581G pfdhps mutation was only observed in Zaire, at a 4.6% estimated prevalence. The I431V and A613S mutations were also only observed in Zaire, at a prevalence of 2.8% to 2.9%. The most common (27% to 66%) reconstructed haplotype in all three provinces was the canonical quadruple pfdhfr pfdhps mutant. The canonical quintuple mutant was absent in Lunda Sul and Benguela and present in 7.9% of samples in Zaire. A single canonical sextuple (2.6%) mutant was observed in Zaire Province. Proportions of the pfdhps K540E and A581G mutations were well below the World Health Organization thresholds for meaningful SP resistance (prevalence of 95% for K540E and 10% for A581G). Samples from therapeutic efficacy studies represent a convenient source of samples for monitoring SP resistance markers.
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Tavares W, Morais J, Martins JF, Scalsky RJ, Stabler TC, Medeiros MM, Fortes FJ, Arez AP, Silva JC. Malaria in Angola: recent progress, challenges and future opportunities using parasite demography studies. Malar J 2022; 21:396. [PMID: 36577996 PMCID: PMC9795141 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a considerable expansion of malaria interventions has occurred at the national level in Angola, together with cross-border initiatives and regional efforts in southern Africa. Currently, Angola aims to consolidate malaria control and to accelerate the transition from control to pre-elimination, along with other country members of the Elimination 8 initiative. However, the tremendous heterogeneity in malaria prevalence among Angolan provinces, as well as internal population movements and migration across borders, represent major challenges for the Angolan National Malaria Control Programme. This review aims to contribute to the understanding of factors underlying the complex malaria situation in Angola and to encourage future research studies on transmission dynamics and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum, important areas to complement host epidemiological information and to help reenergize the goal of malaria elimination in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Tavares
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Morais
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Em Saúde, INIS, Luanda, Angola
| | - José F. Martins
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, PNCM, Luanda, Angola
| | - Ryan J. Scalsky
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas C. Stabler
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Márcia M. Medeiros
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomeno J. Fortes
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- grid.10772.330000000121511713Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Silva
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Wang X, Zhang X, Chen H, Lu Q, Ruan W, Chen Z. Molecular Determinants of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Central Africa between 2016 and 2021: Wide Geographic Spread of Highly Mutated Pfdhfr and Pfdhps Alleles. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0200522. [PMID: 36121226 PMCID: PMC9602997 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02005-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance impairs the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. Monitoring molecular markers in exported malaria infections provides an efficient way to trace the emergence of drug resistance in countries where malaria is endemic. Molecular markers in Pfdhfr and Pfdhps of 237 Plasmodium falciparum infections imported from central Africa between 2016 and 2021 were detected. The spatial and temporal distributions of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps mutations were analyzed. A high prevalence of Pfdhfr single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (~92.34% to 99.10%) and a high frequency of the triple mutation haplotype I51R59N108 were observed. Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon showed a higher frequency (~96.61% to 100.00%) of I51R59N108 than other countries (~71.11% to 88.10%). The prevalence of C59R and I51R59N108 increased while that of other SNPs or haplotypes did not fluctuate greatly from 2016 to 2021. Large proportions of Pfdhps SNPs (A437G and K540E) were demonstrated. The SNP distribution of Pfdhps differed between countries, with S436A dominating in northern countries and A437G dominating in others. The proportions of I431V, A437G, and the triple mutant haplotype declined between 2016 and 2021, whereas the prevalence of the single mutant haplotype rose from 61.60% to 73.68%. Combinations of Pfdhfr-Pfdhps alleles conferring partial resistance, full resistance, and superresistance to SP, as defined in the text, were detected in 63.64%, 8.64%, and 0.91% of the samples, respectively. The octuple Pfdhfr-Pfdhps allele (I51R59N108-V431A436G437K540G581S613) was seen in 5.00% of the samples. We demonstrated the wide geographic spread and increasing trends in highly SP-resistant Pfdhfr genes and varying spatial patterns of Pfdhps mutants across countries in central Africa. The high prevalences of partially resistant, fully resistant, and superresistant Pfdhfr-Pfdhps combinations observed here indicated impaired SP efficacy. Increased molecular surveillance is required to monitor the changing status of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes. IMPORTANCE Monitoring drug resistance is important for malaria control because its early detection enables timely action to prevent its spread and mitigate its impact. The wide geographic spread and the increasing trend of highly resistant Pfdhfr genes between 2016 and 2021 found in our study are worrisome and emphasize the urgency to monitor their updated status in central Africa. This study also illustrated the wide spread of the novel mutant Pfdhps I431V as well as the high prevalence of "partially resistant," "fully resistant," and "superresistant" Pfdhfr-Pfdhps combinations, indicating the urgent concern for SP efficacy in central Africa. These findings are alarming in central African countries where malaria is endemic, where SP was is widely used for the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in infants below 5 years of age (IPTi), and urge enhanced molecular surveillance and responses to the threat of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualiang Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyi Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Enato IG, Sadoh AE, Ibadin OM, Odunvbun ME, Osaigbovo II. Distinct pattern and prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in children with sickle cell anaemia and haemoglobin AA in Benin City, Nigeria: the impact of HbAA. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:80. [PMID: 36590995 PMCID: PMC9789784 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.80.34334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction specific mutations on the Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (Pfdhps) gene mediate sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) resistance and thus, pose a threat to the efficacy of SP-Intermittent Preventive Therapy (SP-IPT) in malaria chemoprevention in children, including those with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). This study determined the distinct pattern and prevalence of Pfdhps mutations in children with SCA and in those with homozygous haemoglobin A (HbAA) in Benin City, Nigeria; showing the impact of haemoglobin phenotype. Methods this was a cross-sectional study involving children with SCA and HbAA. Those with successfully amplified Pfdhps genes were included in the study. Point mutations and mutant haplotypes of the Pfdhps gene were identified. Parasite density (PD) was determined by estimating the parasite numbers/μl of blood from the thick film. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable analysis were used appropriately. Results a total of 146 children: 71 with SCA and 75 with HbAA were recruited, with a mean age of 46.6 ± 13.0 and 36.4 ± 17.6 respectively; proportion of males were 45(63.4%) and 43(57.3%) respectively. I431V, S436A, A437G, A581G, and A613G mutations were present; but the K540E mutation was absent. ISGKAA 41(28.1%) and VAGKGS 61(41.8%) were the most prevalent mutant haplotypes in this study. The prevalence of VAGKGS haplotype 43(57.3%) was significantly higher in HbAA group compared to that 18(25.4%) in the SCA group (p < 0.001). The prevalence of ISGKAA in SCA group 25(35.2%) was significantly higher than that 16(21.3%) in the HbAA group (p=0.032). HbAA phenotype was the only significant predictor for the presence of the VAGKGS mutant haplotype (aOR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.375 to 6.499; p=0.006). Conclusion the HbAA phenotype was a significant predictor for the occurrence of the quintuple mutant haplotype (VAGKGS). The K540E mutation was absent; thus, SP-IPT can be explored in children younger than five years with SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izehiuwa Gertrude Enato
- Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria,,Institute of Child Health, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria,,Corresponding author: Izehiuwa Gertrude, Enato, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria.
| | - Ayebo Evawere Sadoh
- Institute of Child Health, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria,,Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Okoeguale Michael Ibadin
- Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Iriagbonse Iyabo Osaigbovo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria,,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria
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Hassen J, Alemayehu GS, Dinka H, Golassa L. High prevalence of Pfcrt 76T and Pfmdr1 N86 genotypes in malaria infected patients attending health facilities in East Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:286. [PMID: 36207750 PMCID: PMC9547420 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum resistance to series of anti-malarial drugs is a major challenge in efforts to control and/or eliminate malaria globally. In 1998, following the widespread of chloroquine (CQ) resistant P. falciparum, Ethiopia switched from CQ to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) and subsequently in 2004 from SP to artemether–lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Data on the prevalence of CQ resistance markers after more than two decades of its removal is important to map the selection pressure behind the targets codons of interest. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of mutations in Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y codons among malaria-infected patients from Adama, Olenchiti and Metehara sites of East Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods Finger-prick whole blood samples were collected on 3MM Whatman ® filter papers from a total of 121 microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infected patients. Extraction of parasite DNA was done by Chelex-100 method from dried blood spot (DBS). Genomic DNA template was used to amplify Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y codons by nested PCR. Nested PCR products were subjected to Artherobacter protophormiae-I (APoI) restriction enzyme digestion to determine mutations at codons 76 and 86 of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes, respectively. Results Of 83 P. falciparum isolates successfully genotyped for Pfcrt K76T, 91.6% carried the mutant genotypes (76T). The prevalence of Pfcrt 76T was 95.7%, 92.5% and 84.5% in Adama, Metehara and Olenchiti, respectively. The prevalence of Pfcrt 76T mutations in three of the study sites showed no statistical significance difference (χ2 = 1.895; P = 0.388). On the other hand, of the 80 P. falciparum samples successfully amplified for Pfmdr1, all carried the wild-type genotypes (Pfmdr1 N86). Conclusion Although CQ officially has been ceased for the treatment of falciparum malaria for more than two decades in Ethiopia, greater proportions of P. falciparum clinical isolates circulating in the study areas carry the mutant 76T genotypes indicating the presence of indirect CQ pressure in the country. However, the return of Pfmdr1 N86 wild-type allele may be favoured by the use of AL for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04304-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifar Hassen
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P. O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia.
| | - Gezahegn Solomon Alemayehu
- Research and Community Service Center, College of Health Science, Defense University, P. O. Box 1419, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P. O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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