1
|
Dorkenoo AM, Warsame M, Ataba E, Hemou M, Yakpa K, Sossou E, Mitigmsagou M, Teou CD, Caspar E, Ma L, Djadou KE, Atcha-Oubou T, Rasmussen C, Menard D. Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and prevalence of molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance in children in Togo in 2021. Malar J 2024; 23:92. [PMID: 38570791 PMCID: PMC10988893 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) are the currently recommended first- and second-line therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Togo. This study assessed the efficacy of these combinations, the proportion of Day3-positive patients (D3 +), the proportion of molecular markers associated with P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs, and the variable performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). METHODS A single arm prospective study evaluating the efficacy of AL and DP was conducted at two sites (Kouvé and Anié) from September 2021 to January 2022. Eligible children were enrolled, randomly assigned to treatment at each site and followed up for 42 days after treatment initiation. The primary endpoint was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). At day 0, samples were analysed for mutations in the Pfkelch13, Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, dhfr, dhps, and deletions in the hrp2/hrp3 genes. RESULTS A total of 179 and 178 children were included in the AL and DP groups, respectively. After PCR correction, cure rates of patients treated with AL were 97.5% (91.4-99.7) at day 28 in Kouvé and 98.6% (92.4-100) in Anié, whereas 96.4% (CI 95%: 89.1-98.8) and 97.3% (CI 95%: 89.5-99.3) were observed at day 42 in Kouvé and Anié, respectively. The cure rates of patients treated with DP at day 42 were 98.9% (CI 95%: 92.1-99.8) in Kouvé and 100% in Anié. The proportion of patients with parasites on day 3 (D3 +) was 8.5% in AL and 2.6% in DP groups in Anié and 4.3% in AL and 2.1% DP groups in Kouvé. Of the 357 day 0 samples, 99.2% carried the Pfkelch13 wild-type allele. Two isolates carried nonsynonymous mutations not known to be associated with artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) (A578S and A557S). Most samples carried the Pfcrt wild-type allele (97.2%). The most common Pfmdr-1 allele was the single mutant 184F (75.6%). Among dhfr/dhps mutations, the quintuple mutant haplotype N51I/C59R/S108N + 437G/540E, which is responsible for SP treatment failure in adults and children, was not detected. Single deletions in hrp2 and hrp3 genes were detected in 1/357 (0.3%) and 1/357 (0.3%), respectively. Dual hrp2/hrp3 deletions, which could affect the performances of HRP2-based RDTs, were not observed. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm that the AL and DP treatments are highly effective. The absence of the validated Pfkelch13 mutants in the study areas suggests the absence of ART -R, although a significant proportion of D3 + cases were found. The absence of dhfr/dhps quintuple or sextuple mutants (quintuple + 581G) supports the continued use of SP for IPTp during pregnancy and in combination with amodiaquine for seasonal malaria chemoprevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12623000344695.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marian Warsame
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Essoham Ataba
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Lomé, Togo
| | - Manani Hemou
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Campus, Lomé, Togo
| | - Kossi Yakpa
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Lomé, Togo
| | - Efoe Sossou
- Service des Laboratoires, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Caspar
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Université de Strasbourg, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Didier Menard
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Université de Strasbourg, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, 75015, Paris, France
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, CHU Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ngasala B, Bushukatale S, Chiduo M, Makene T, Mkony L, Mohamed A, Molteni F, Chacky F, Njau RJA, Mwaiswelo R. Efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in mainland Tanzania. Malar J 2024; 23:90. [PMID: 38553737 PMCID: PMC10979577 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversification of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is suggested as one of the strategies that can be used to contain artemisinin resistance. Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) is one of the artemisinin-based combinations that can be used in the diversification strategy as an alternative first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in mainland Tanzania. There is however limited data on the efficacy of ASAQ in mainland Tanzania. This study assessed the efficacy of ASAQ for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in selected sentinel sites for therapeutic efficacy studies in mainland Tanzania. METHODS Between December 2018 and March 2020, children aged between 6 months and 10 years, attending at Nagaga, Mkuzi, and Mlimba primary health facilities, and with suspected uncomplicated malaria infection were screened for eligibility to participate in the study. Malaria infection was screened using microscopy. Children with uncomplicated P. falciparum monoinfection and who fulfilled all other inclusion criteria, and had none of the exclusion criteria, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, were treated with ASAQ. Follow-up visits were scheduled on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 or on any day of recurrent infection for clinical and laboratory assessment. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected cure rate on day 28 was the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 264 children, 88 in each of the three study sites (Mlimba, Mkuzi and Nagaga health facilities) were enrolled and treated with ASAQ. The ASAQ PCR-corrected cure rate was 100% at all the three study sites. None of the participants had early treatment failure or late clinical failure. Furthermore, none of the participants had a serious adverse event. CONCLUSION ASAQ was highly efficacious for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in mainland Tanzania, therefore, it can be deployed as an alternative first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria as part of diversification strategy to contain the spread of partial artemisinin resistance in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billy Ngasala
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Samwel Bushukatale
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mercy Chiduo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Twilumba Makene
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lilian Mkony
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ally Mohamed
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 743, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fablizio Molteni
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 743, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Frank Chacky
- National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 743, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ritha J A Njau
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65011, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Richard Mwaiswelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, P.O Box 65300, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Gu L, Jiang Y, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Shen S, Shen S, Peng Q, Xiao W. Artesunate-Nanoliposome-TPP, a Novel Drug Delivery System That Targets the Mitochondria, Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Effects. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1385-1408. [PMID: 38371457 PMCID: PMC10871145 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome, posing a substantial healthcare burden. The pathological basis of AKI is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress which cause additional damage to mitochondria. Artesunate (ATS) is a derivative of artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua L. that is an effective treatment for malaria and favored for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases. However, there are still challenges related to its efficacy, including poor water solubility, limited oral bioavailability and short half-life. Liposome-based nanoparticles are used for drug delivery due to their ideal biocompatibility and their ability to improve the bioavailability of specific drugs and enhance drug efficacy. Methods In this study, a novel TPP-based natural ATS-nanoliposome, namely T-A-Ls, was applied for the treatment of AKI. ATS was encapsulated with or without triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-modified nanoliposomes. AKI was induced by cisplatin in C57BL/6J mice and a cisplatin-induced injury model was generated in HK-2 cells in vitro. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) measurements and section staining were utilized to assess renal protective effect of T-A-Ls. Inflammatory-related factors and proteins were quantified via Elisa, Immunofluorescence and Western Blot (WB). The anti-mitochondrial oxidative stress effect of T-A-Ls was determined by ROS, JC-1 and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) kits. Immunohistochemistry and WB were conducted to measure associated protein expressions. In vivo biodistribution and the concentration of T-A-Ls in kidney were also explored. Results T-A-Ls exhibited good oxidative resistance, preferential renal uptake, mitochondrial targeting, and it ameliorated kidney injury in cisplatin-induced AKI mice. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP production and respiratory capacity were improved in damaged HK-2 cells; ROS content decreased while mitochondrial membrane potential recovered. T-A-Ls exerted renal protection by inhibiting inflammation and reducing oxidative stress; these effects were mediated by a downregulation in the expression of RAGE and iNOS and an upregulation in both Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusion T-A-Ls could improve the delivery of ATS to the kidney, offering a promising avenue to treat AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Gu
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumao Jiang
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiang Xi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Artemisinin Research Center and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Peng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ochora DO, Murithi C, Masai RJ, Abdi F, Cheruyiot A, Katuura E, Asiimwe S, Nabatanzi A, Anywar G, Oryem-Origa H, Namukobe J, Kakudidi EK, Yenesew A, Akala HM, Kamau E. Ex vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (Fabaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117007. [PMID: 37549860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is among the most prevalent and devastating parasitic diseases globally with most cases reported in Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the major reasons for the high malaria prevalence is the ever-increasing emergence of resistant strains of malaria-causing parasites to the currently used antimalarial drugs. This, therefore, calls for the search for antimalarial compounds with alternative modes of action. Plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria offer possible sources of such compounds. Caesalpinia decapetala has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases including malaria. However, the antiplasmodial activity of the plant has never been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the ex vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the extracts of the roots, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia decapetala. METHODOLOGY The roots, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (Caesalpiniaceae) were collected and air-dried under a shade then extracted consecutively with dichloromethane and methanol (1:1 (v/v) (4 × 0.8 L). The extracts were tested for antiplasmodial activities against four strains of Plasmodium falciparum (W2, DD2, 3D7, and D6) and fresh P. falciparum field isolates using the SYBR green I assay. The mean fifty percent inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined for each assay. An acute oral toxicity test was done based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 425) guidelines using Swiss albino mice. RESULTS The leaves and stem bark extracts showed good antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values of 4.54 and 4.86 μg/mL, respectively, when tested against the fresh field isolates ex vivo. Similarly, the roots extract showed an IC50 value of 6.49 μg/mL when tested against field isolates ex vivo. The roots extract showed the highest antiplasmodial activities among the samples when tested against W2 (IC50 = 6.12 μg/mL), DD2 (IC50 = 8.17 μg/mL), and D6 (IC50 = 16.02 μg/mL) strains of P. falciparum whereas the leaves showed the highest activity (IC50 = 9.3 μg/mL) when tested against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. No mortality was observed for the mice treated with 2000 mg/kg of the leaves and stem bark extracts. The mouse treated with 2000 mg/kg of the roots extracts regained weight by day 12 of the observation period. CONCLUSION Caesalpinia decapetala has the potential to suppress the growth of P. falciparum thereby contributing to combating the recurrent emergence of antimalarial drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O Ochora
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya; DSI/NWU, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa; United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Caroline Murithi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Rael J Masai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya.
| | - Farid Abdi
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Agnes Cheruyiot
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Esther Katuura
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Savina Asiimwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Alice Nabatanzi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Hannington Oryem-Origa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jane Namukobe
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Esezah K Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Abiy Yenesew
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Hoseah M Akala
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Services, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (HI), USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irinantenaina J, Carn G, Randriamiarinjatovo DNAL, Harimanana AN, Razanatsiorimalala S, Ralemary N, Randriarison M, Razafinjato C, Hotahiene R, Randrianarivelojosia M. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether + lumefantrine in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar. Parasite 2023; 30:32. [PMID: 37646608 PMCID: PMC10467351 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in Madagascar, particularly in coastal areas. We conducted a randomized, controlled, parallel-group study of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Mananjary and Farafangana, two localities on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar, from March to September 2018. The efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether + lumefantrine (AL) were assessed according to the WHO protocol with a 28-day follow-up. Children aged 6 months to 14 years with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive ASAQ or AL for three days (1:1). 347/352 (98.5%) randomized patients reached the study endpoint on day 28. Crude adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates were 100% (95% CI: 98.8-100%) in the ASAQ group and 96% (95% CI: 93.1-98.9%) in the AL group (per protocol population). However, the PCR-corrected ACPR rate was 97.7% (95% CI: 95.4-100%) in the AL group. Two cases of recrudescence and three of re-infection were observed. Mild and moderate adverse events, including gastrointestinal and/or nervous disorders, were reported in 11.9% (42/352) of patients. We found that ASAQ and AL were safe and efficacious for treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. They may be used for treatment at health facilities and at the community level, and for mass drug administration campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judickaëlle Irinantenaina
-
Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Gwénaëlle Carn
-
Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
-
Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) 1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Aina Nirina Harimanana
-
Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | | | - Nicolas Ralemary
-
Direction Régionale de la Santé Publique Atsimo Atsinana Farafangana 309 Madagascar
| | | | - Celestin Razafinjato
-
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Raphael Hotahiene
-
Direction de Lutte contre les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère de la santé publique Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia
-
Unité de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
-
Faculté des Sciences, Université de Toliara Toliara 601 Madagascar
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Issa MS, Warsame M, Mahamat MHT, Saleh IDM, Boulotigam K, Djimrassengar H, Issa AH, Abdelkader O, Hassoumi M, Djimadoum M, Doderer-Lang C, Ndihiokubwayo JB, Rasmussen C, Menard D. Therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Chad: clinical and genetic surveillance. Malar J 2023; 22:240. [PMID: 37612601 PMCID: PMC10464190 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) are the currently recommended first-and second-line therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Chad. This study assessed the efficacy of these artemisinin-based combinations, proportion of day 3 positive patients, proportions of molecular markers associated with P. falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs and variable performance of HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). METHODS A single-arm prospective study assessing the efficacy of AS-AQ and AL at three sites (Doba, Kelo and Koyom) was conducted between November 2020 to January 2021. Febrile children aged 6 to 59 months with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum infection were enrolled sequentially first to AS-AQ and then AL at each site and followed up for 28 days. The primary endpoint was PCR-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). Samples collected on day 0 were analysed for mutations in pfkelch13, pfcrt, pfmdr-1, pfdhfr, pfdhps genes and deletions in pfhrp2/pfhrp3 genes. RESULTS By the end of 28-day follow-up, per-protocol PCR corrected ACPR of 97.8% (CI 95% 88.2-100) in Kelo and 100% in Doba and Kayoma were observed among AL treated patients. For ASAQ, 100% ACPR was found in all sites. All, but one patient, did not have parasites detected on day 3. Out of the 215 day 0 samples, 96.7% showed pfkelch13 wild type allele. Seven isolates carried nonsynonymous mutations not known to be associated artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R). Most of samples had a pfcrt wild type allele (79% to 89%). The most prevalent pfmdr-1 allele detected was the single mutant 184F (51.2%). For pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations, the quintuple mutant allele N51I/C59R/S108N + G437A/540E responsible for SP treatment failures in adults and children was not detected. Single deletion in the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene were detected in 10/215 (4.7%) and 2/215 (0.9%), respectively. Dual pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions, potentially threatening the efficacy of HRP2-based RDTs, were observed in 5/215 (2.3%) isolates. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm that AS-AQ and AL treatments are highly efficacious in study areas in Chad. The absence of known pfkelch13 mutations in the study sites and the high parasite clearance rate at day 3 suggest the absence of ART-R. The absence of pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple or sextuple (quintuple + 581G) mutant supports the continued use of SP for IPTp during pregnancy. The presence of parasites with dual pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions, potentially threatening the efficacy of HRP2-based RDTs, warrants the continued surveillance. Trial registration ACTRN12622001476729.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marian Warsame
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Haggar Issa
- Ecole Nationale des Agents Sanitaires et Sociaux (ENASS), N'Djamena, Chad
| | | | | | - Mbanga Djimadoum
- Faculty of Science and Human Health, University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Cécile Doderer-Lang
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Didier Menard
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, UR7292 Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, CHU Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
RAVAOARISOA É, ANDRIANARANJAKA VHI, RAMANANTSAHALA AD, RAKOTOMANGA TA, RALINORO F, RAKOTOSAONA R, RANDRIANARIVO RH, RAKOTO DAD, JEANNODA V, RATSIMBASOA A. [Pcr-rflp genotyping of pfcrt and pfmdr1 in plasmodium falciparum isolates from children in Vatomandry, Madagascar]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2022; 2:mtsi.v2i2.2022.198. [PMID: 35919251 PMCID: PMC9326783 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v2i2.2022.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by a hematozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Early diagnosis followed by effective treatment is one of the keys to control this disease. In Madagascar, after more than 60 years of use for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, chloroquine (CQ) was abandoned in favor of artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) combination because of high prevalence of CQ treatment failure. Surveillance based on the assessment of therapeutic efficacy and genetic markers of resistance to antimalarials is therefore essential in order to detect the emergence of potentially resistant parasites as early as possible. In this context, our study aimed to genotype the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene or Pfcrt and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 or Pfmdr1 in isolates collected from children in the district of Vatomandry. Methods A total of 142 P. falciparum isolates collected during active case detection of malaria in children under 15 years old, between February and March of 2016 and 2017 in Vatomandry district, were analyzed. Pfcrt (K76T codon) and Pfmdr1 (N86Y codon) genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction followed by enzymatic digestion (restriction fragment length polymorphism) or PCR-RFLP. Results The successful rates of amplification of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes were low, around 27% and 39% respectively. The prevalence of isolates carrying the mutant Pfcrt K76T codon and the mutant Pfmdr1 N86Y codon was 2.6% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.1 - 15.0%] and 36% [95% CI: 23.7 - 49.7%] respectively. Conclusion Despite the limited number of samples analyzed, our study highlighted the circulation of isolates carrying both the mutant Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 N86Y alleles. Although the prevalence of mutations in Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes that we observed was low, other studies should be carried out in order to follow the evolution of these markers in time and space. The use of more sensitive methods will better characterize P. falciparum strains circulating in Madagascar. Artesunate-amodiaquine is used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in the country; it is also crucial to monitor the other codons, i.e. 184 and 1246 of the Pfmdr1 gene, implicated in the resistance of P. falciparum to amodiaquine in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth RAVAOARISOA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar,Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar,*
| | - Voahangy Hanitriniaina Isabelle ANDRIANARANJAKA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar,Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Aina David RAMANANTSAHALA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar
| | - Tovonahary Angelo RAKOTOMANGA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar,Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fanomezantsoa RALINORO
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar,Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Ministère de la Santé publique, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Victor JEANNODA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar
| | - Arsène RATSIMBASOA
- Université d'Antananarivo Faculté des sciences, Mention Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, Madagascar,Faculté de médecine, Université de Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rogier E, McCaffery JN, Nace D, Svigel SS, Assefa A, Hwang J, Kariuki S, Samuels AM, Westercamp N, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianarivelojosia M, Uwimana A, Udhayakumar V, Halsey ES. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Gene Deletions from Persons with Symptomatic Malaria Infection in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, and Rwanda. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:608-616. [PMID: 35201739 PMCID: PMC8888236 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.211499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)–based rapid diagnostic tests detect Plasmodium falciparum malaria and are used throughout sub-Saharan Africa. However, deletions in the pfhrp2 and related pfhrp3 (pfhrp2/3) genes threaten use of these tests. Therapeutic efficacy studies (TESs) enroll persons with symptomatic P. falciparum infection. We screened TES samples collected during 2016–2018 in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Madagascar for HRP2/3, pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, and pan-Plasmodium aldolase antigen levels and selected samples with low levels of HRP2/3 for pfhrp2/3 genotyping. We observed deletion of pfhrp3 in samples from all countries except Kenya. Single-gene deletions in pfhrp2 were observed in 1.4% (95% CI 0.2%–4.8%) of Ethiopia samples and in 0.6% (95% CI 0.2%–1.6%) of Madagascar samples, and dual pfhrp2/3 deletions were noted in 2.0% (95% CI 0.4%–5.9%) of Ethiopia samples. Although this study was not powered for precise prevalence estimates, evaluating TES samples revealed a low prevalence of pfhrp2/3 deletions in most sites.
Collapse
|