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Cao Y, Hayashi CTH, Araujo MDS, Tripathi AK, Andrade AO, Medeiros JF, Vinetz J, Kumar N. Evaluation of combination vaccines targeting transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Vaccine 2024:126140. [PMID: 39033079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Transmission-blocking vaccines interrupting malaria transmission within mosquitoes represent an ideal public health tool to eliminate malaria at the population level. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax account for more than 90% of the global malaria burden, co-endemic in many regions of the world. P25 and P48/45 are two leading candidates for both species and have shown promising transmission-blocking activity in preclinical and clinical studies. However, neither of these target antigens as individual vaccines has induced complete transmission inhibition in mosquitoes. In this study, we assessed immunogenicity of combination vaccines based on P25 and P48/45 using a DNA vaccine platform to broaden vaccine specificity against P. falciparum and P. vivax. Individual DNA vaccines encoding Pvs25, Pfs25, Pvs48/45 and Pfs48/45, as well as various combinations including (Pvs25 + Pvs48/45), (Pfs25 + Pfs48/45), (Pvs25 + Pfs25), and (Pvs48/45 + Pfs48/45), were evaluated in mice using in vivo electroporation. Potent antibody responses were induced in mice immunized with individual and combination DNA vaccines, and specific antibody responses were not compromised when combinations of DNA vaccines were evaluated against individual DNA vaccines. The anti-Pvs25 IgG from individual and combination groups revealed concentration-dependent transmission-reducing activity (TRA) in direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) using blood from P. vivax-infected donors in Brazil and independently in ex vivo MFA using Pvs25-transgenic P. berghei. Similarly, anti-Pfs25 and anti-Pfs48/45 IgGs from mice immunized with Pfs25 and Pfs48/45 DNA vaccines individually and in various combinations revealed antibody dose-dependent TRA in standard membrane feeding assays (SMFA) using culture-derived P. falciparum gametocytes. However, antibodies induced by immunization with Pvs48/45 DNA vaccines were ineffective in DMFA and require further vaccine construct optimization, considering the possibility of induction of both transmission-blocking and transmission-enhancing antibodies revealed by competition ELISA. These studies provide a rationale for combining multiple antigens to simultaneously target transmission of malaria caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Clifford T H Hayashi
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - FIOCRUZ RO, Rua da Beira 7671, CEP 76812-245 Porto Velho RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Abhai K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - FIOCRUZ RO, Rua da Beira 7671, CEP 76812-245 Porto Velho RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - FIOCRUZ RO, Rua da Beira 7671, CEP 76812-245 Porto Velho RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Joseph Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, and Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA.
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Yamamoto Y, Fabbri C, Okuhara D, Takagi R, Kawabata Y, Katayama T, Iyori M, Hasyim AA, Sakamoto A, Mizukami H, Shida H, Lopes S, Yoshida S. A two-dose viral-vectored Plasmodium vivax multistage vaccine confers durable protection and transmission-blockade in a pre-clinical study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372584. [PMID: 38745665 PMCID: PMC11091281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Among Plasmodium spp. responsible for human malaria, Plasmodium vivax ranks as the second most prevalent and has the widest geographical range; however, vaccine development has lagged behind that of Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest Plasmodium species. Recently, we developed a multistage vaccine for P. falciparum based on a heterologous prime-boost immunization regimen utilizing the attenuated vaccinia virus strain LC16m8Δ (m8Δ)-prime and adeno-associated virus type 1 (AAV1)-boost, and demonstrated 100% protection and more than 95% transmission-blocking (TB) activity in the mouse model. In this study, we report the feasibility and versatility of this vaccine platform as a P. vivax multistage vaccine, which can provide 100% sterile protection against sporozoite challenge and >95% TB efficacy in the mouse model. Our vaccine comprises m8Δ and AAV1 viral vectors, both harboring the gene encoding two P. vivax circumsporozoite (PvCSP) protein alleles (VK210; PvCSP-Sal and VK247; -PNG) and P25 (Pvs25) expressed as a Pvs25-PvCSP fusion protein. For protective efficacy, the heterologous m8Δ-prime/AAV1-boost immunization regimen showed 100% (short-term; Day 28) and 60% (long-term; Day 242) protection against PvCSP VK210 transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. For TB efficacy, mouse sera immunized with the vaccine formulation showed >75% TB activity and >95% transmission reduction activity by a direct membrane feeding assay using P. vivax isolates in blood from an infected patient from the Brazilian Amazon region. These findings provide proof-of-concept that the m8Δ/AAV1 vaccine platform is sufficiently versatile for P. vivax vaccine development. Future studies are needed to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, vaccine efficacy, and synergistic effects on protection and transmission blockade in a non-human primate model for Phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Camila Fabbri
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane/Fiocruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Controle e Doenças Infecciosas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema - UPCCB, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Daiki Okuhara
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rina Takagi
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuna Kawabata
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuto Katayama
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ammar A. Hasyim
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Jichi Medical University, Shimono, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Shida
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stefanie Lopes
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane/Fiocruz Amazônia, Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Controle e Doenças Infecciosas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema - UPCCB, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Bansal GP, Araujo MDS, Cao Y, Shaffer E, Araujo JE, Medeiros JF, Hayashi C, Vinetz J, Kumar N. Transmission-reducing and -enhancing monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium vivax gamete surface protein Pvs48/45. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0037423. [PMID: 38289124 PMCID: PMC10929423 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00374-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamete surface protein P48/45 has been shown to be important for male gamete fertility and a strong candidate for the development of a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV). However, TBV development for Plasmodium vivax homolog Pvs48/45 has been slow because of a number of challenges: availability of conformationally suitable recombinant protein; the lack of an in vivo challenge model; and the inability to produce P. vivax gametocytes in culture to test transmission-blocking activity of antibodies. To support ongoing efforts to develop Pvs48/45 as a potential vaccine candidate, we initiated efforts to develop much needed reagents to move the field forward. We generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against Pvs48/45 and characterized putative functional domains in Pvs48/45 using recombinant fragments corresponding to domains D1-D3 and their biological functionality through ex vivo direct membrane feeding assays (DMFAs) using P. vivax parasites from patients in a field setting in Brazil. While some mAbs partially blocked oocyst development in the DMFA, one mAb caused a significant enhancement of the infectivity of gametocytes in the mosquitoes. Individual mAbs exhibiting blocking and enhancing activities recognized non-overlapping epitopes in Pvs48/45. Further characterization of precise epitopes recognized by transmission-reducing and -enhancing antibodies will be crucial to design an effective immunogen with optimum transmission-reducing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha P. Bansal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emily Shaffer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jessica Evangelista Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária, Laboratório de Entomologia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Clifford Hayashi
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph Vinetz
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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dos Santos NAC, Bastos ADS, Araújo JE, Pontual JDC, Medeiros JF, Vinetz JM, Araujo MDS. Case Report: Plasmodium vivax Sporozoite Melanization in the Midgut and Salivary Gland of the Malaria Vector Anopheles darlingi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:444-447. [PMID: 38350139 PMCID: PMC10919193 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon region and is highly susceptible to both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Although anopheline mosquitoes may develop melanotic encapsulation in response to Plasmodium parasites, there is no record of An. darlingi exhibiting a melanization response to P. vivax, the main malaria parasite in the Americas. Here, we report the occurrence of P. vivax sporozoite melanization in An. darlingi mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najara Akira Costa dos Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Alessandra da Silva Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Evangelista Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental – Universidade Federal de Rondônia/Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - José Daniel Costa Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Joseph Michael Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária- PIVEM, Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais – PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Translacional e Clínica, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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5
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Andrade AO, Santos NAC, Bastos AS, Pontual JDC, Araújo CS, Lima AS, Martinez LN, Ferreira AS, Aguiar ACC, Teles CBG, Guido RVC, Santana RA, Lopes SCP, Medeiros JF, Rizopoulos Z, Vinetz JM, Campo B, Lacerda MVG, Araújo MS. Optimization of Plasmodium vivax infection of colonized Amazonian Anopheles darlingi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18207. [PMID: 37875508 PMCID: PMC10598059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining Plasmodium vivax sporozoites is essential for in vitro culture of liver stage parasites, not only to understand fundamental aspects of parasite biology, but also for drug and vaccine development. A major impediment to establish high-throughput in vitro P. vivax liver stage assays for drug development is obtaining sufficient numbers of sporozoites. To do so, female anopheline mosquitoes have to be fed on blood from P. vivax-infected patients through an artificial membrane-feeding system, which in turns requires a well-established Anopheles colony. In this study we established conditions to provide a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites. Adding a combination of serum replacement and antibiotics to the membrane-feeding protocol was found to best improve sporozoite production. A simple centrifugation method appears to be a possible tool for rapidly obtaining purified sporozoites with a minimal loss of yield. However, this method needs to be better defined since sporozoite viability and hepatocyte infection were not evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice O Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Publica, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Najara Akira C Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - José Daniel C Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais - PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Analice S Lima
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho (FIMCA), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Leandro N Martinez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Publica, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Amália S Ferreira
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina B G Teles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa A Santana
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine and Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Vinicius G Lacerda
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maisa S Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais - PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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Amazonian Anopheles with low numbers of oocysts transmit Plasmodium vivax sporozoites during a blood meal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19442. [PMID: 36376491 PMCID: PMC9663451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is the main malarial vector in the Brazilian Amazon region. An. nuneztovari s.l., An. triannulatus s.l., An. evansae, and An. benarrochi s.l. do not have a defined role as malarial vectors, although they have been found to be naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax, and some develop oocysts. In this study, we evaluated the importance of low numbers of oocysts in sporozoite salivary gland invasion and transmission. Field-collected mosquitoes were experimentally infected with P. vivax. The infection rates and oocyst and sporozoite infection intensities were evaluated and compared with those of An. aquasalis. We found the highest number of oocysts in An. darlingi (mean = 39.47) and the lowest in An. nuneztovari s.l. (mean = 2). The highest number of sporozoites was observed in An. darlingi (mean = 610) and lowest in An. benarrochi s.l. (mean = 30). Plasmodium vivax DNA was detected in the saliva of all mosquito species after a blood meal. Regardless of the number of oocysts, all species transmitted sporozoites during blood meals. Considering the abundance of these mosquitoes and transmission of sporozoites, it is logical to assume that An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l. are involved in the transmission of P. vivax.
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dos Santos NAC, Magi FN, Andrade AO, Bastos ADS, Pereira SDS, Medeiros JF, Araujo MDS. Assessment of antibiotic treatment on Anopheles darlingi survival and susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:971083. [PMID: 36274692 PMCID: PMC9583876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.971083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment has been used to enhance anopheline susceptibility to Plasmodium infection, because bacterial microbiota play a fundamental role in modulating the vector competence of mosquitoes that transmit Plasmodium parasites. However, few studies have examined the impact of antibiotic treatments on Plasmodium vivax sporogonic development in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. Herein, we assessed the impact of antibiotic treatment on P. vivax development and survival in Anopheles darlingi, the main vector of malaria in the Amazon region. Female mosquitoes were treated continuously with antibiotics to impact the gut bacterial load and then tested for prevalence, infection intensity, and survival in comparison with untreated mosquitoes. Antibiotic-fed mosquitoes had not dramatic impact on P. vivax development previously observed in P. falciparum. However, antibiotic treatment increases mosquito survival, which is known to increase vectorial capacity. These findings raise questions about the effect of antibiotics on P. vivax development and survival in An. darlingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najara Akira Costa dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, Federal University of Rondonia/Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Felipe Neves Magi
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Alessandra da Silva Bastos
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, Federal University of Rondonia/Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, Federal University of Rondonia/Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Platform of Production and Infection of Malaria Vectors (PIVEM), Laboratory of Entomology, Fiocruz Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maisa da Silva Araujo,
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