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Nikpour F, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Raeisi A, Mirolyaie A, Mojahedi AR, Yaryan M, Banar A, Kaveh F, Abbasi M, Farmani M. Long-lasting residual efficacy of Actellic®300CS and Icon®10CS on different surfaces against Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:781-791. [PMID: 39081142 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi, a malaria-transmitting mosquito species, has developed resistance to various insecticides such as DDT, Dieldrin, Malathion, and synthetic pyrethroids. To combat this issue, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests using Actellic®300CS and Icon®10CS for Indoor Residual Spraying to tackle pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. The aim of this research project was to evaluate the susceptibility of An. stephensi to certain insecticides at the diagnostic concentration + intensity 5x diagnostic concentration (5XDC) assays in Iran and to study the lasting effectiveness of Actellic®300CS and Icon®10CS against this particular malaria vector. METHODS This study assessed the susceptibility of An. stephensi populations in southern Iran to various insecticides, including deltamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, a synergist assay with PBO 4% combined with deltamethrin 0.05%, and an intensity assay using 5x the diagnostic concentration of deltamethrin (0.25%) and bendiocarb 0.5%. Laboratory cone bioassay tests were conducted to determine the residual effectiveness of Actellic®300 and Icon®10CS insecticides on different surfaces commonly found in households, such as cement, mud, plaster, and wood. The tests were carried out following the WHO test kits and standard testing protocols. RESULTS The An. stephensi populations in Bandar Abbas were found to be susceptible to malathion 5% and deltamethrin 0.25% (5XDC), but exhibited resistance to DDT, standard concentration of deltamethrin, and both standard and intensity concentrations of bendiocarb. In laboratory cone bioassay tests, An. stephensi mortality rates when exposed to Actellic®300CS and Icon®10CS on different surfaces remained consistently more than 80%. Actellic®300CS achieved more than 80% mortality on all substrates for the entire 300-day post-spraying period. Conversely, Icon®10CS maintained mortality rates more than 80% on plaster and wood surfaces for 165 days and on mud and cement surfaces for 270 days post-spraying. Both Actellic®300CS and Icon®10CS demonstrated 100% mortality within 72 h of each test on all surfaces throughout the entire 300-day post-spraying period. CONCLUSION The study shows the varying levels of resistance of An. stephensi Bandar Abbas population to different insecticides and demonstrates the consistent performance of Actellic®300CS in controlling these mosquitoes on various surfaces. The findings suggest that long-lasting CS formulations may be more effective for malaria vector control compared to the current options. Further research is needed to validate these findings in field settings and assess the impact of these insecticides on malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nikpour
- Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Vector Biology & Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology & Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Vector Biology & Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Mirolyaie
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Yaryan
- Deputy of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Banar
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kaveh
- Department of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Madineh Abbasi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farmani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology at the Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Taylor R, Messenger LA, Abeku TA, Clarke SE, Yadav RS, Lines J. Invasive Anopheles stephensi in Africa: insights from Asia. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:731-743. [PMID: 39054167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is a highly competent urban malaria vector species, endemic in South Asia and the Persian Gulf, which has colonised eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 2013 and is now spreading uncontrollably. In urban areas of Africa, where malaria transmission has previously been low or non-existent, the invasion of An. stephensi represents a significant problem, particularly to immunologically naïve populations. Despite this rapidly advancing threat, there is a paucity of information regarding the bionomics of An. stephensi in SSA. Here, we offer a critical synthesis of literature from An. stephensi's native range, focusing on the future of An. stephensi in a rapidly urbanising Africa, and highlighting key questions that warrant prioritisation by the global malaria vector control community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Taylor
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Tarekegn A Abeku
- Malaria Consortium, Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London E2 9DA, UK
| | - Sian E Clarke
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rajpal S Yadav
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jo Lines
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Aarumugam P, Kovendan K, Kamalakannan S, Jebanesan A. Chemical Exposure of Synthetic Pyrethroid on Deltamethrin Under the Selection Pressure over the Generations: A Reproductive Potential Study of Anopheles stephensi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04911-9. [PMID: 38512550 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Biochemical synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin are presently used insecticides for the control of mosquito vector-borne diseases in worldwide. Mosquito re-emergence with diseases becoming a serious problem due to development of insecticide resistance. The comprehensive knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of resistance against deltamethrin is required for implementation of an efficient vector control programme. The assessment of the biological fitness of a mosquito strain exposed to insecticide pressure is extremely vital because it provides information on the development of resistance. In the present study, the adult stage of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, was designated for the study of deltamethrin resistance (F40 generations). The non-blood-fed, laboratory-reared females to sub-lethal doses of deltamethrin (0.004%, 0.005%, 0.007%, or 0.01%) exposed to every generation for up to F40. The adult mosquito susceptibility was performed by WHO standard method for evaluation. After 24 h, mortality was recorded in both treated and control groups. Therefore, the biological fitness characteristics such as feeding, fecundity, hatchability, egg retention, immature duration, adult emergence, and adult life span were studied to assess the exposed deltamethrin under selection pressure as compared to the unexposed (control) population. The laboratory selection of An. stephensi exposed deltamethrin over the generations were diminished its biological fitness. Information on biological fitness including reproductive potential of mosquito strain under selection pressure against deltamethrin is incredibly necessary because it would facilitate in resistance management. Baseline information gives in this experiment will guide for future studies on the susceptibilities of wild malaria mosquito populations in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Aarumugam
- P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vijay Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Nallampalli Papparapatty Road, Balajangamanhalli, Dharmapuri, 636 807, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalimuthu Kovendan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Siva Kamalakannan
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 22-Sham Nath Marg, Civil Line, Delhi, 110 054, India
| | - Arulsamy Jebanesan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mandefro A, Tadele G, Mekonen B, Golassa L. Analysing the six-year malaria trends at Metehara Health Centre in Central Ethiopia: the impact of resurgence on the 2030 elimination goals. Malar J 2024; 23:32. [PMID: 38263087 PMCID: PMC10804523 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite Ethiopia's concerted efforts to eliminate malaria by 2030, the disease continues to pose a significant public health and socioeconomic challenge in the country. The year 2021 witnessed 2.78 million malaria cases and 8041 associated deaths, emphasizing the persistent threat. Monitoring the prevalence trend of malaria is crucial for devising effective control and elimination strategies. This study aims to assess the trend of malaria prevalence at the Metehara Health Centre in the East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective study, spanning from February to September 2023, utilized malaria registration laboratory logbooks at Metehara Health Centre to evaluate the prevalence of malaria from 2017/18 to 2022/23. Malaria and related data were collected using a pre-designed data collection sheet. Descriptive statistics were employed for data summarization, presented through graphs and tables. RESULTS Out of 59,250 examined blood films, 17.4% confirmed the presence of Plasmodium infections. Among the confirmed cases, 74.3%, 23.8%, and 1.84% were attributed to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections, respectively. The trend of malaria exhibited a steady decline from 2017/18 to 2021/22, reaching 9.8% prevalence. However, an abrupt increase to 26.5% was observed in 2022/23. Males accounted for a higher proportion (66%) of cases compared to females (34%). The age group 15-24 years experienced the highest malaria incidence at 42%. Notably, malaria cases peaked during autumn (September to November) at 43% and reached the lowest percentage during spring (March to May) at 13%. CONCLUSION Malaria persists as a significant health challenge in and around Metehara, central Ethiopia, predominantly driven by Plasmodium falciparum. The five-year declining trend was interrupted by a notable upsurge in 2022/23, indicating a resurgence of malaria in the study area. It is imperative to adopt a reverse strategy to sustain the progress achieved by the national malaria control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynalem Mandefro
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Geletta Tadele
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bacha Mekonen
- Malaria and NTDs Research Team, Bacterial, Parasitic, and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Akililu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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