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Al-Ashwal MA, Al-Adhroey AH, Atroosh WM, Alshoteri SA, Al-Subbary AA, Alharazi TH, Sady H, Azzani M, Lau YL, Al-Mekhlafi HM. Knowledge, attitude, practices and treatment-seeking behaviour concerning cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural hyperendemic communities in western Yemen. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12662. [PMID: 38830983 PMCID: PMC11148075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is a major public health problem in Yemen with widespread distribution in rural areas. Evaluating the knowledge and understanding of people's beliefs towards the disease is essential to the implementation of effective control measures. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) and treatment-seeking behaviour concerning CL among rural populations in the western highlands of Yemen. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 289 household heads in four rural areas of the Utmah District. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. All the participants had heard about the disease; however, only 9.3% attributed it to sandflies. Nearly half (48.1%) of the participants could not mention any preventive measures for CL, and nearly two-thirds (65.4%) could not do so for sandflies. The overall 'good' knowledge about CL was found to be 51.2%, and it was 33.9% for sandflies. The participants' attitude and prevention practices towards CL were not satisfactory, as only 38.1% and 16.3% had a positive attitude and good CL-related prevention practices, respectively. Moreover, 45.7% believed CL to be a stigmatising disease, and 50% had used traditional remedies to treat suspected CL lesions. Multivariate analyses showed that age, sex, presence of CL-confirmed cases in the same household, residency, occupation and monthly household income were the significant predictors associated with KAP concerning CL among the participants. The findings support an urgent need for integrated health education and community mobilisation interventions to improve awareness of these vulnerable populations about this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Al-Ashwal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdulelah H Al-Adhroey
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen.
| | - Wahib M Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | - Sheikh Abdulhafed Alshoteri
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | | | - Talal H Alharazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Hany Sady
- Centre for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Meram Azzani
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Al-Dhafiri M, Alhajri A, Alwayel ZA, Alturaiki JA, Bu Izran SA, Alhammad FA, Aljumaiah RM. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Prevalence and Clinical Overview: A Single Center Study from Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Al-Ahsa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:507. [PMID: 38133439 PMCID: PMC10748161 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne parasitic disease that is transmitted via the bites of infected female sandflies. CL has been endemic in several countries worldwide for many decades, and numerous cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, particularly across six regions; one of which is AL-Ahsa. Our research aimed to evaluate the epidemiological situation of CL among the patients in Al-Ahsa, Eastern region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the period from 2017 to 2023. The data were collected from the patients' registries and included 245 patients who were diagnosed with CL in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Fewer than half of the cases (47.8%) were Saudi patients, with a significant number of them being males (84.5%). Over half of the cases (52.7%) were aged between 21 and 40 years, and about three-quarters (74.7%) of the cases resided in rural areas. Regarding the nature of the lesions, 38.4% of the cases had one lesion, which was mainly distributed on a lower extremity (62.0%) or an upper extremity (52.2%). A high percentage of the lesions (75.2%) were wet lesions and caused by L. major. Concerning risk factors, a greater number of patients (71.4%) had been in rural areas within the last three months. Additionally, more than half of the cases (54.3%) had close contact with rodents, followed by birds (28.2%), sheep (22.0%), dogs (16.3%), and other animals (1.2%). The results showed a low number of reported CL cases in 2020 and 2021, followed by a surge in 2022 and 2023. The study shows that cutaneous leishmaniasis is still a public health problem in Al-Ahsa and is primarily associated with rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Al-Dhafiri
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Alhajri
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahad Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zahraa Ali Alwayel
- General Practitioner, The Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shaima Ali Bu Izran
- Internal Medicine Resident, King Fahad Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia (R.M.A.)
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Karami M, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Chehrazi M. Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:356-365. [PMID: 36222473 PMCID: PMC10177677 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2133452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite from the genus Leishmania, imposing a significant burden on underdeveloped countries especially those located in the Middle East. Four electronic databases were searched to evaluate the prevalence of CL in the Middle East. The random effects model (95% confidence intervals (CI)) were applied to determine the overall and subgroup pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics. Among 2424 peer-reviewed papers, 37 datasets from 34 studies were included in the current meta-analysis. 285560 individuals were assessed across 9 Middle Eastern countries. The pooled prevalence of CL was estimated at 12% (95% CI 9-15 %; 10718/285560). The highest prevalence rate was observed in Syria (39%, 37-42%), and the lowest one was found in Iraq and Lebanon (0%, 0-1%). The prevalence of CL in studies that applied LST assays had the highest rate (48%, 17-80%). The infection rate in males was similar to females (7%, 4-10%). The prevalence of infection in individuals living in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (14%, 10-19%). The prevalence of CL in the age group 0-15 years was higher than in individuals 16-40 and >40 years (9%, 6-13%). Most of the lesions were found on the face, and single lesions were more prevalent than two and three ones. In conclusion, the occurrence of CL was considerable in Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, more efforts should be made to precisely report the CL in this region for developing appropriate preventive and controlling strategies. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehrazi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Science, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Knight CA, Harris DR, Alshammari SO, Gugssa A, Young T, Lee CM. Leishmaniasis: Recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1052478. [PMID: 36817103 PMCID: PMC9932337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, one of the most neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), is the third most important vector-borne disease worldwide. This disease has a global impact and severity of the infection and is greatest in the Middle East. The agent of infection is a protozoan parasite of the genus, Leishmania, and is generally transmitted by blood-sucking female sandflies. In humans, there are three clinical forms of infection: (1) cutaneous (CL), (2) mucocutaneous (ML), and (3) visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This review aims to discuss the current epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen with a consideration of treatment options. The elevated risk of leishmaniasis is influenced by the transmission of the disease across endemic countries into neighboring non-infected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Harris
- Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | | | - Ayele Gugssa
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Todd Young
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Clarence M. Lee
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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Al-abodi HR, Fadhel Wathah E. Identification of the parasites that cause children's cutaneous leishmaniasis and several types of immune response cells. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis has received many epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, quantitative and other studies. The current study aims to determine the type of leishmaniasis parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in children in the Al-Diwaniyah governorate in central Iraq to assess the level of variations in globulins and immune cells in children with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Fifty-nine was a positive sample for the traditional laboratory examination of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children whose ages ranged between (8 months-10 and years). They were collected from the Maternity and Children Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021. The samples were subjected to molecular diagnostics to determine the type of leishmaniasis that causes the disease using Real-Time PCR. ELISA was approved to measure the levels of variation in the concentrations of IgG and IgM among the group of infected and healthy children. The results indicated that children's predominant type causing cutaneous leishmaniasis is L. major 52 samples (88.13%). The immunological study showed clear and statistically significant differences in the mean globulin concentrations for comparing the patient's L. major with the control group at a probability level (P≤0.05). The current study concluded that L. major is the dominant species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Keywords: Catenous leishmaniasis, L. major, Real-Time PCR.
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Muthanna A, Malhomme H, Schwartz R, Al-Qubati Y. The clinical phenotypes of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central and Southwest Regions of Yemen. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:311. [PMID: 36386068 PMCID: PMC9644748 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_81_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Yemen. CL displays a spectrum of typical and atypical morphologies yet understudied in the central and southwest regions of Yemen. Aims and Objectives: To identify the typical and atypical clinical phenotypes of CL in the central and southwest regions of Yemen. Materials and Methods: A survey of 145 patients who visited Prof. Al-Qubati Clinic in Taiz between 2010 and 2015, was conducted. Results: Children and residents of the rural areas were at high risk of exposure to the insect vector. The typical phenotype was single (67%), facial (58%) and ulcerated nodule (35%). Other usual phenotypes were small ulcers (21.4%) and non-ulcerative papules and nodules (21%). Unusual phenotypes constituted 12% of the cohort and included psoriasiform, eczematous, erysipeloid, lupoid, verrucous, large ulcerative, leishmania recidivens, satellite, granulomatous infiltrative and hyperkeratotic plaques. Mucous membrane involvement was evident in 10.6% and was also polymorphic. Conclusion: CL has many morphologic patterns in central and southwest regions of Yemen, some are clinically deceptive.
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Muneeb KH, Sudha S, Sivaraman GK, Shome B, Cole J, Holmes M. Virulence and intermediate resistance to high-end antibiotic (teicoplanin) among coagulase-negative staphylococci sourced from retail market fish. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5695-5702. [PMID: 34468806 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the distribution of enterotoxigenic determinants among staphylococci and the susceptibility of staphylococci to various classes of antibiotics. We observed all the isolates as resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and a few as resistant to non-beta-lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin (47.4%), erythromycin (44.7%), gentamicin (23.7%), norfloxacin (34.2%), tetracycline (26.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.8%) etc. The resistance of S. sciuri (n = 1) and S. haemolyticus (n = 1) to rifampicin and intermediate resistance of S. gallinarum (n = 2) to teicoplanin, a high-end antibiotic, are also observed in this study. The multidrug-resistance (≥ 3 classes of antibiotics) was recorded in 23 (60.5%) isolates. The virulomes such as sea, seb, seg and sei were identified predominantly in S. haemolyticus. Surprisingly, certain isolates which were phenotypically confirmed as biofilm-producers by Congo red agar (CRA) test did not harbor biofilm-associated loci. This implies the protein-mediated mechanism of biofilm formation as an alternative to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in staphylococci. However, icaAD locus which encodes PIA was identified in 10 (26.3%) isolates and the eno locus, encoding elastin-binding protein which can accelerate the biofilm production, is identified in all the isolates. The possession of type V SCCmec elements by the S. haemolyticus (15.8%) raised the concern about the rapid dissemination of mecA gene to other species of staphylococci including the virulent S. aureus. In short, this study acknowledges the toxigenicity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Through this study, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and transference of virulomes in staphylococci is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Muneeb
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India
| | - S Sudha
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India
| | - G K Sivaraman
- Microbiology Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P. O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala, 682 029, India.
| | - Bibek Shome
- Department of Disease Investigation, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Sebel Y, Aksoy M, An I, Celik H. Evaluation of thiol/disulphide balance in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14087. [PMID: 33570832 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate serum thiol disulphide levels in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) compared with a healthy control group and to investigate whether thiol/disulphide balance can be used as a new marker of oxidative stress in CL patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study included 47 patients diagnosed with CL and 46 healthy individuals without any disease. Native thiol, disulphide and total thiol levels were used in plasma. Disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol levels were measured. RESULTS Disulphide, native thiol disulphide and total thiol disulphide levels were significantly lower in CL patients compared with the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between CL patients and the control group in terms of disulphide/native thiol, disulphide/total thiol and native thiol/total thiol values. CONCLUSION Based on the data in our study, it can be said that the use of thiol/disulphide balance as a new oxidative stress marker in CL patients is not appropriate, but studies with a larger number of patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Sebel
- Department of Dermatology, Ahlat State Hospital, Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, Harran University Medical Faculty, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Isa An
- Department of Dermatology, Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakim Celik
- Department of Physiology, Harran University Medical Faculty, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Nassar AA, Abdelrazzaq MH, Almahaqri AH, Al-Amad MA, Al Serouri AA, Khader YS. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak Investigation in Hajjah Governorate, Yemen, in 2018: Case-Control Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e27442. [PMID: 33988521 PMCID: PMC8164114 DOI: 10.2196/27442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in Yemen. About 4440 cases were reported in 2019. On July 23, 2018, a Hajjah governorate surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population about an increase in the number of CL cases in Bani-Oshb, Kuhlan district, Hajjah governorate. On July 24, 2018, Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. Objective We aimed to describe a CL outbreak in Hajjah governorate and determine its risk factors. Methods A descriptive study and case-control study (1:1 ratio) were conducted. Cases included people who met the suspected or confirmed case definition of the World Health Organization and lived in Bani-Oshb subdistrict during the period from August 2017 to July 2018. Controls included people living for at least 1 year in Bani-Oshb without new or old skin lesions. Crude odds ratios (cORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CI were used to test the significance of associations. Results We identified 30 CL cases. Among the 30 patients, 7 (23%) were younger than 5 years, 17 (57%) were 5 to 14 years, 17 (57%) were females, and 23 (77%) had one lesion. The attack rate was 7 per 1000 population in the age group <15 years and 1 per 1000 population in the age group ≥15 years. On bivariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with CL: female gender (cOR 5.2, 95% CI 1.7-16.5), malnutrition (cOR 5.2, 95% CI 1.7-16.5), not using a bed net (cOR 14.5, 95% CI 1.7-122.4), poor house lighting (cOR 6.4, 95% CI 2.1-19.7), poor house hygiene (cOR 11.2, 95% CI 3.1-40.7), poor sanitation (cOR 14.5, 95% CI 1.7-122.4), living in houses without window nets (cOR 5.2, 95% CI 1.3-21.2), plantation around the house (cOR 6.5, 95% CI 2.1-20.5), animal barn inside or close to the house (cOR 9.3, 95% CI 1.9-46.7), raising animals (cOR 8.1, 95% CI 1.6-40.7), and having animal dung in or near the house (cOR 6.8, 95% CI 1.7-27.7). The following risk factors remained significant on multivariate stepwise analysis: female gender (aOR 22.7, 95% CI 1.6-320.5), malnutrition (aOR 17.2, 95% CI 1.3-225.8), poor house hygiene (aOR 45.6, 95% CI 2.5-846.4), plantation around the house (aOR 43.8, 95% CI 1.9-1009.9), and raising animals (aOR 287.1, 95% CI 5.4-15205.6). Conclusions CL was endemic in Hajjah governorate, and an increase in cases was confirmed. Many individual, housing, and animal related factors were shown to contribute to CL endemicity. Implementation of control measures directed toward altering the factors favoring contact among vectors, reservoirs, and susceptible humans is strongly recommended to control future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkareem Ali Nassar
- Sana'a City's Public Health and Population Office, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | - Ali Hamoud Almahaqri
- Leishmaniasis Control Program, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | | | | | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Amman, Jordan
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Knowledge and attitude towards cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural endemic communities in Shara'b district, Taiz, southwestern Yemen. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:269. [PMID: 33731042 PMCID: PMC7968254 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease, represents a significant public health problem in many endemic countries including Yemen. The ongoing armed conflict that started in March 2015 has had a negative impact on the entire healthcare system as well as on infectious disease control programmes. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess knowledge and attitude towards CL among rural endemic communities in southwestern Yemen. Methods Five hundred households in five areas of Shara’b district of Taiz governorate were randomly selected to participate in a quantitative survey. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, their knowledge and attitude towards CL and their knowledge on the sand fly vector. Results The analysis was conducted on a final sample of 466 individuals (62.7% males and 37.3% females) aged between 18 and 70 years. Among the participants, 21.5% were non-educated while 39.7 and 20.8% had completed secondary school and tertiary education, respectively. Although the participants were aware of CL, about three quarters (77.7%) of them had poor overall knowledge about disease transmission, clinical presentation, treatment, and prevention. Interestingly, approximately half of the participants (49.1%) were able to differentiate sand flies from other flies and mosquitoes. However, only 14.8% of the participants knew about the role of the phlebotomine sand fly in the transmission of CL. Only 36.6% believed that CL can be prevented and 49.6% had a negative attitude towards the disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age and gender were the significant determinants of knowledge about CL and the sand fly vector among the studied population. Conclusion A poor level of knowledge about the different epidemiological aspects of CL was found among rural CL-endemic communities in Taiz. This factor, together with the major collapse of the healthcare infrastructure due to the ongoing civil war in Yemen, may be contributing to the continued endemicity of CL in the governorate. It is therefore recommended that health education on CL transmission and prevention should be provided to the targeted communities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05965-4.
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Almayouf MA, El-khadragy M, Awad MA, Alolayan EM. The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Fig and Olive Extracts on Cutaneous leishmaniasis Induced Inflammation in Female Balb/c Mice. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20202672. [PMID: 33252120 PMCID: PMC7745064 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious and non-contagious severe parasitic diseases, caused by protozoans of the Leishmania genus. Natural products characterize a rich source of prospective chemical entities for the development of new effective drugs for neglected diseases. Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants has made it possible to use some metabolites from flavonoids and polyphenols compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Therefore, we aimed in this study to evaluate the protective effect of Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) biosynthesized using Fig and Olive extracts (NFO) against Cutaneous leishmaniasis in female Balb/c mice. A total of 70 mice were used and divided into seven groups. Treatment was initiated when local lesions were apparent, we found Fig and Olive extracts were found to be a good source for the synthesis of (Ag-NPs), their formation was confirmed by color change and stability in solution. Nanoparticles biosynthesized using Fig and Olive extracts induced a reduction in the average size of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions compared with the untreated mice. Moreover, nanoparticles treatment decreased oxidative stress (LPO, NO), down regulation gene expression levels (TNF-α, IL-1β and BAX) and this antileishmanial activity of nanoparticles was associated with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, histopathological evaluation proved the antileishmanial activity of nanoparticles compared to the positive control. Therefore, we aimed in this study to evaluate the protective effect of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Fig and Olive extracts against cutaneous lesions induced by Leishmania major infection through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and faster clinical efficacy than standard pentavalent antimonial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina A. Almayouf
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal El-khadragy
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Awad
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam M. Alolayan
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Bisetegn H, Zeleke AJ, Gadisa E, Shumie G, Damte D, Fenta T, Behaksra S, Bayih AG. Clinical, parasitological and molecular profiles of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and its associated factors among clinically suspected patients attending Borumeda Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008507. [PMID: 32841279 PMCID: PMC7473553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases increasing in its public health importance. In Ethiopia over 28 million people are living at risk of infection. METHOD Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted at Borumeda Hospital from February to May 2019. A total 205 leishmaniasis suspected patients were included by systematic random sampling technique. Socio demographic characteristics were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Parasitological investigation was done from skin slit sample by using Geimsa staining method. Species identification was done by PCR-RFLP. Data were entered in to EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT A total of 205 participants consisting 59% male and 41% female included in this study. The mean age (±SD) of the study participants was 31.9 (±14.29). The overall prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 22.4% (46/205). The prevalence in males (13.7%) was higher than in females (8.8%). It was more prevalent in the age group 16-45years old (15.6%). Clinically, 60% of patients' hade single lesion with 1.55 average number of lesions. About 30.7% of patients' had indurated plaque type of lesion. Most of the lesions were found on head and face (59%). House near to farmland, presence of hyrax in the village and presence of other cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the neighborhood were independent predicator of cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence. L.aethopica was found to be the etiologic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study participants. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 22.4%, this alerts the need of intervention. It is statistically associated with house near to farm land, presence of other cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in the neighborhood and presence of hyrax in village. Head and face were the most common sites of lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtye Bisetegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University,Dessie, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Girma Shumie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demekech Damte
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tiruework Fenta
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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13
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Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:8248916. [PMID: 30941183 PMCID: PMC6421047 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8248916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis in Yemen is still not fully investigated nor well studied. Recently, outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in western highland were declared. However, there are no reports concerning the disease and the circulating species in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Utmah district located in Western Highlands in Yemen. A cross-sectional survey was carried out at those highlands. For the survey, 1165 participants were subjected to Leishmanin Skin Test (LST) accompanied with direct interviews and physical examination. The overall prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the district was 18.5% and the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was more frequent in the escarpments with a prevalence of 37%, including 5.5% for active lesion and 31.5% for scar of healed lesions. Children under the age of 16 years old comprised most of the CL cases (76.3%). The escarpments of western highlands in Yemen were hyperendemic areas for CL and the infection was more prevalent in children.
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14
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Sulaiman AA, Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Bushara SO, Almobarak AO, Awadalla H, Farag E, Ahmed MH. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among a displaced population in North Sudan: Review of cases. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:556-563. [PMID: 30984672 PMCID: PMC6436281 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_432_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in many parts of Sudan. OBJECTIVE To document an outbreak of CL among internally displaced people (IDP) in north Sudan. METHODS A household survey was conducted in the rural region of New Manasir, at El Damer Locality in north Sudan during the year 2013. All villagers were screened for recent and old skin lesions in addition to other urgent medical problems. Written consent was obtained from each participant before data collection. A pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. The diagnosis of CL was based on clinical findings and/or identification of the amastigotes on skin smears. RESULTS Out of the 1,236 individuals enrolled in this survey, 688 were diagnosed as cases of CL, giving an infection rate of 55.7%. Children constituted 244 (35.5%) of infected cases. Majority of skin lesions were found in the Extremities 524 (76.2%). The average duration of skin lesions was 3.6 months (±1.6). CONCLUSION This outbreak among IDPs affected a large proportion of inhabitants of the newly established villages in north Sudan. Preventive measures might have help control such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Abdalrhim Sulaiman
- Community Medicine Specialist, Department of Public Health - MOH, Qassim Region-Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadie Mohammed Elmadhoun
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sufian Khalid Noor
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sarra Osman Bushara
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine- Nile Valley University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O. Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Heitham Awadalla
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohamed H. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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15
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Kot K, Metryka E, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Relationship between antioxidant defense in Acanthamoeba spp. infected lungs and host immunological status. Exp Parasitol 2018; 193:58-65. [PMID: 30201450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenicity of acanthamoebiasis is an important aspect of the intricate and complex host-parasite relationship. The aim of this experimental study was to determine oxidative stress through the assessment of lipid peroxidation product (LPO) levels and antioxidant defense mechanism in Acanthamoeba spp. lung infections in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. In Acanthamoeba spp. infected immunocompetent mice we noted a significant increase in lung lipid peroxidation products (LPO) at 8 days and 16 days post infection (dpi). There was a significant upregulation in lung LPO in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected by Acanthamoeba spp. at 16 dpi. The superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly in lungs in immunosuppressed mice at 8 dpi. The catalase activity was significantly upregulated in lungs in immunocompetent vs. immunosuppressed group and in immunocompetent vs. control mice at 16 dpi. The glutathione reductase activity was significantly lower in immunosuppressed group vs. immunosuppressed control at 24 dpi. We found significant glutathione peroxidase downregulation in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups vs. controls at 8 dpi, and in immunosuppressed vs. immunosuppressed control at 16 dpi. The consequence of the inflammatory response in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts in the course of experimental Acanthamoeba spp. infection was the reduction of the antioxidant capacity of the lungs resulting from changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant processes may play a major role in pathology associated with Acanthamoeba pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - E Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - D I Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
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El-Khadragy M, Alolayan EM, Metwally DM, El-Din MFS, Alobud SS, Alsultan NI, Alsaif SS, Awad MA, Abdel Moneim AE. Clinical Efficacy Associated with Enhanced Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract, Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Murine Model of Leishmania major. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1037. [PMID: 29786651 PMCID: PMC5982076 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most significant vector-borne syndromes of individuals. This parasitic infection can be affected by many species of Leishmania, most of which are zoonotic. Natural products have made and are continuing to make important contributions to the search for new antileishmanial agents. The use of plants in the production assembly of silver nanoparticles has drawn attention because of its rapid, eco-friendly, non-pathogenic, economical protocol and provides a single step technique for the biosynthetic process. Hence, we aimed to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and investigated the antileishmanial activity of these nanoparticles in a murine model of Leishmania major infection. A total of 50 mice were used and divided into five groups-healthy control, infected, infected mice treated with pentostam, infected mice treated with Ag-NPs and infected mice pretreated with Ag-NPs. In the present study, the leaf extract of the plant species Moringa oleifera was found to be a good source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their formation being confirmed by color change and stability in solution. In the present murine model of Leishmania major infection, we found that oral treatment with silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Moringa oleifera extract resulted in a significant reduction in the average size of leishmaniasis cutaneous lesions compared with untreated mice. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy of Moringa oleifera extract was associated with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, treatment with silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Moringa oleifera extract has higher and faster clinical efficacy than standard pentavalent antimonial treatment, probably by boosting the endogenous antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal El-Khadragy
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
| | - Ebtesam M Alolayan
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina M Metwally
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Serag El-Din
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Shebin ElKom 32511, Egypt.
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sara S Alobud
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nour I Alsultan
- Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah S Alsaif
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal A Awad
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt.
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