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Riew TR, Kim YS. Mutational Landscapes of Normal Skin and Their Potential Implications in the Development of Skin Cancer: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4815. [PMID: 39200957 PMCID: PMC11355262 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that physiologically normal skin harbors pervasive mutant clones with cancer drivers. Normal skin has the highest burden of somatic mutations due to persistent ultraviolet exposure throughout life. The mutation burden exponentially increases with age and is further modified by skin site, sun-damage history, and skin phototype. Driver gene profiles in normal skin are similar to those in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma where NOTCH family, FAT family, and TP53 are consistently reported, while other reported profiles include PPM1D, KMT2D, ASXL1, and RBM10. Normal skin seldom harbors canonical hotspot mutations with therapeutic relevance. The pathologic role of mutant clones with cancer drivers in normal skin is classically considered precursors for skin cancer; however, recent evidence also suggests their putative cancer-protective role. Copy number alterations and other structural variants are rare in normal skin with loss in 9q region encompassing NOTCH1 being the most common. Study methodologies should be carefully designed to obtain an adequate number of cells for sequencing, and a comparable number of cells and read depth across samples. In conclusion, this review provides mutational landscapes of normal skin and discusses their potential implications in the development of skin cancer, highlighting the role of driver genes in early malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ryong Riew
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seob Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Rodríguez-Sánchez L, Emberton M, de Reijke T, Stricker P, Miñana B, Bianco F, Escrig JLD, Lantz A, Sanchez-Salas R. Revisiting Delphi to Create a Basis for the Future of Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:245-255. [PMID: 37853538 PMCID: PMC10949031 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theo de Reijke
- Department of Urology, UMC Amsterdam University Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Phillip Stricker
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Private Hospital and Clinic, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernardino Miñana
- Department of Urology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bianco
- Urological Research Network, Nova Southeastern University, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | | | - Anna Lantz
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael Sanchez-Salas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Chae J, Jung SH, Choi EJ, Kim JW, Kim NY, Moon SW, Lee JY, Chung YJ, Lee SH. Spatial architectures of somatic mutations in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and coexisting prostate cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:168-176. [PMID: 38172600 PMCID: PMC10834420 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify somatic mutations in nontumor cells (NSMs) in normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to determine their relatedness to prostate cancer (PCA). From 22 PCA patients, two prostates were sampled for 3-dimensional mapping (50 normal, 46 BPH and 1 PCA samples), and 20 prostates were trio-sampled (two normal or BPH samples and one PCA sample) and analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Normal and BPH tissues harbored several driver NSMs and copy number alterations (CNAs), including in FOXA1, but the variations exhibited low incidence, rare recurrence, and rare overlap with PCAs. CNAs, structural variants, and mutation signatures were similar between normal and BPH samples, while BPHs harbored a higher mutation burden, shorter telomere length, larger clone size, and more private NSMs than normal prostates. We identified peripheral-zonal dominance and right-side asymmetry in NSMs, but the asymmetry was heterogeneous between samples. In one normal prostate, private oncogenic RAS-signaling NSMs were detected, suggesting convergence in clonal maintenance. Early embryonic mutations exhibited two distinct distributions, characterized as layered and mixed patterns. Our study identified that the BPH genome differed from the normal prostate genome but was still closer to the normal genome than to the PCA genome, suggesting that BPH might be more related to aging or environmental stress than to tumorigenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesoo Chae
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07804, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Woong Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na Yung Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Moon
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
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Dananberg A, Striepen J, Rozowsky JS, Petljak M. APOBEC Mutagenesis in Cancer Development and Susceptibility. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:374. [PMID: 38254863 PMCID: PMC10814203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
APOBEC cytosine deaminases are prominent mutators in cancer, mediating mutations in over 50% of cancers. APOBEC mutagenesis has been linked to tumor heterogeneity, persistent cell evolution, and therapy responses. While emerging evidence supports the impact of APOBEC mutagenesis on cancer progression, the understanding of its contribution to cancer susceptibility and malignant transformation is limited. We examine the existing evidence for the role of APOBEC mutagenesis in carcinogenesis on the basis of the reported associations between germline polymorphisms in genes encoding APOBEC enzymes and cancer risk, insights into APOBEC activities from sequencing efforts of both malignant and non-malignant human tissues, and in vivo studies. We discuss key knowledge gaps and highlight possible ways to gain a deeper understanding of the contribution of APOBEC mutagenesis to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dananberg
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob S Rozowsky
- Medical Scientist Training Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mia Petljak
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Rane JK, Frankell AM, Weeden CE, Swanton C. Clonal Evolution in Healthy and Premalignant Tissues: Implications for Early Cancer Interception Strategies. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:369-378. [PMID: 36930945 PMCID: PMC7614725 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Histologically normal human tissues accumulate significant mutational burden with age. The extent and spectra of mutagenesis are comparable both in rapidly proliferating and post-mitotic tissues and in stem cells compared with their differentiated progeny. Some of these mutations provide increased fitness, giving rise to clones which, at times, can replace the entire surface area of tissues. Compared with cancer, somatic mutations in histologically normal tissues are primarily single-nucleotide variations. Interestingly though, the presence of these mutations and positive clonal selection in isolation remains a poor indicator of potential future cancer transformation in solid tissues. Common clonally expanded mutations in histologically normal tissues also do not always represent the most frequent early mutations in cancers of corresponding tissues, indicating differences in selection pressures. Preliminary evidence implies that stroma and immune system co-evolve with age, which may impact selection dynamics. In this review, we will explore the mutational landscape of histologically normal and premalignant human somatic tissues in detail and discuss cell-intrinsic and environmental factors that can determine the fate of positively selected mutations within them. Precisely pinpointing these determinants of cancer transformation would aid development of early cancer interventional and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K. Rane
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexander M. Frankell
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Clare E. Weeden
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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