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Dabravolski S, Orekhov NA, Melnichenko A, Sukhorukov VN, Popov MA, Orekhov A. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Variations in Relation to Lipid Profiles and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Update. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:742-756. [PMID: 38425105 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128284695240219093612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a crucial glycoprotein involved in lipid metabolism by transferring cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) between plasma lipoproteins. CETP activity results in reduced HDL-C and increased VLDL- and LDL-C concentrations, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the structure of CETP and its mechanism of action. Furthermore, we focus on recent experiments on animal CETP-expressing models, deciphering the regulation and functions of CETP in various genetic backgrounds and interaction with different external factors. Finally, we discuss recent publications revealing the association of CETP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, lifestyle factors, diet and therapeutic interventions. While CETP SNPs can be used as effective diagnostic markers, diet, lifestyle, gender and ethnic specificity should also be considered for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Nikolay A Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopatology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopatology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopatology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Popov
- Laboratory of Angiopatology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopatology, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Karpouzas GA, Papotti B, Ormseth SR, Palumbo M, Hernandez E, Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Budoff MJ, Ronda N. Statins influence the relationship between ATP-binding cassette A1 membrane transporter-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity and coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 7:100206. [PMID: 37484708 PMCID: PMC10362327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is the main antiatherogenic function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). ATP-binding-cassette A1 (ABCA1) membrane transporter initiates cholesterol export from arterial macrophages to pre-β HDL particles fostering their maturation; in turn, those accept cholesterol through ABCG1-mediated export. Impaired pre-β HDL maturation may disrupt the collaborative function of the two transporters and adversely affect atherosclerosis. Statins exert atheroprotective functions systemically and locally on plaque. We here evaluated associations between ABCA1-CEC, coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk and the influence of statins on those relationships in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Evaluation with computed tomography angiography was undertaken in 140 patients and repeated in 99 after 6.9 ± 0.3 years. Events comprising cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, claudication, revascularization and heart failure were recorded. ABCA1-CEC and ABCG1-CEC were evaluated in J774A.1 macrophages and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells respectively and expressed as percentage of effluxed over total intracellular cholesterol. Covariates in all cardiovascular event risk and plaque outcome models included atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results ABCA1-CEC negatively correlated with ABCG1-CEC (r = -0.167, p = 0.049). ABCA1-CEC associated with cardiovascular risk (adjusted hazard ratio 2.05 [95%CI 1.20-3.48] per standard deviation [SD] increment). There was an interaction of ABCA1-CEC with time-varying statin use (p = 0.038) such that current statin use inversely associated with risk only in patients with ABCA1-CEC below the upper tertile. ABCA1-CEC had no main effect on plaque or plaque progression; instead, ABCA1-CEC (per SD) associated with fewer baseline total plaques (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 0.81, [95%CI 0.65-1.00]), noncalcified plaques (aRR 0.78 [95%CI 0.61-0.98]), and vulnerable low-attenuation plaques (aRR 0.41 [95%CI 0.23-0.74]) in statin users, and more low-attenuation plaques (aRR 1.91 [95%CI 1.18-3.08]) in nonusers (p-for-interaction = 0.018, 0.011, 0.025 and < 0.001 respectively). Moreover, ABCA1-CEC (per SD) associated with greater partially/fully-calcified plaque progression (adjusted odds ratio 3.07 [95%CI 1.20-7.86]) only in patients not exposed to statins during follow-up (p-for-interaction = 0.009). Conclusion In patients with RA, higher ABCA1-CEC may reflect a proatherogenic state, associated with enhanced cardiovascular risk. Statin use may unmask the protective impact of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux on plaque formation, progression and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Karpouzas
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Papotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sarah R. Ormseth
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Maria Pia Adorni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicoletta Ronda
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Pullinger CR, O’Connor PM, Naya‐Vigne JM, Kunitake ST, Movsesyan I, Frost PH, Malloy MJ, Kane JP. Levels of Prebeta-1 High-Density Lipoprotein Are a Strong Independent Positive Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018381. [PMID: 33728928 PMCID: PMC8174380 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously showed that levels of prebeta-1 high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the principal acceptor of cholesterol effluxed from cells, including artery wall macrophages, are positively associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) risk. Methods and Results In a multiethnic follow-up cohort of 1249 individuals from University of California-San Francisco clinics, we determined the degree to which prebeta-1 HDL levels, both absolute and percentage of apolipoprotein AI, are associated with CHD and history of MI. Independent, strong, positive associations were found. Meta-analysis revealed for the absolute prebeta-1 HDL for the top tertile versus the lowest, unadjusted odds ratios of 1.90 (95% CI, 1.40-2.58) for CHD and 1.79 (95% CI, 1.35-2.36) for MI. For CHD, adjusting for established risk factors, the top versus bottom tertiles, quintiles, and deciles yielded sizable odds ratios of 2.37 (95% CI, 1.74-3.25, P<0.001), 3.20 (95% CI, 2.07-4.94, P<0.001), and 4.00 (95% CI, 2.11-7.58, P<0.001), respectively. Men and women were analyzed separately in a combined data set of 2507 individuals. The odds ratios for CHD and MI risk were similar. Higher levels of prebeta-1 HDL were associated with all 5 metabolic syndrome features. Addition of prebeta-1 HDL to these 5 features resulted in significant improvements in risk-prediction models. Conclusions Analysis of 2507 subjects showed conclusively that levels of prebeta-1 HDL are strongly associated with a history of CHD or MI, independently of traditional risk factors. Addition of prebeta-1 HDL can significantly improve clinical assessment of risk of CHD and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive R. Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
- Department of Physiological NursingUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | | | | | - Steven T. Kunitake
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | - Irina Movsesyan
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | - Philip H. Frost
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | - Mary J. Malloy
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
| | - John P. Kane
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
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Kotur-Stevuljević J, Vekić J, Stefanović A, Zeljković A, Ninić A, Ivanišević J, Miljković M, Sopić M, Munjas J, Mihajlović M, Spasić S, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Biofactors 2020; 46:193-205. [PMID: 31400246 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct and an indirect relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and atherosclerosis exists. Given PON1's physical location within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and its recognized enzyme activity, it is certainly reasonable to suggest that PON1 facilitates the antiatherogenic nature of HDL particles. PON1 also plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities and several endothelial cell functions. HDL dysfunctionality is a more recent issue and seems to be centered on pathological conditions affecting HDL structure and size profiles. This review is focused on the role of PON1 status in different atherosclerosis-related diseases that we have studied over the last twenty years (coronary heart disease, acute ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus type 2, end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sarcoidosis) with the aim to determine the true value of PON1 as a biomarker. The role of PON1 in cancer is also covered, as risk factors and mechanisms underlying both atherosclerosis and cancer share common features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ninić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Ivanišević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Miljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Spasić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Jelić-Ivanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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The Role and Function of HDL in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020601. [PMID: 31963445 PMCID: PMC7014265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with steadily increasing occurrence. Significantly elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been observed in CKD. Cardiovascular diseases are the most important and frequent cause of death of CKD patients globally. The presence of CKD is related to disturbances in lipoprotein metabolism whose consequences are dyslipidemia and the accumulation of atherogenic particles. CKD not only fuels the reduction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, but also it modifies the composition of this lipoprotein. The key role of HDL is the participation in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver. Moreover, HDL prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects against the adverse effects of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on the endothelium. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of HDL to promote the production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells (ECs) and to exert antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Increasing evidence suggests that in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, HDLs may lose important antiatherosclerotic properties and become dysfunctional. So far, no therapeutic strategy to raise HDL, or alter the ratio of HDL subfractions, has been successful in slowing the progression of CKD or reducing cardiovascular disease in patients either with or without CKD.
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Plasma Levels of Preβ1-HDL Are Significantly Elevated in Non-Dialyzed Patients with Advanced Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051202. [PMID: 30857306 PMCID: PMC6429079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreases markedly, but there is no strong inverse relationship between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular diseases. This indicates that not only the HDL-C level, but also the other quantitative changes in the HDL particles can influence the protective functionality of these particles, and can play a key role in the increase of cardiovascular risk in CKD patients. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the parameters that may give additional information about the HDL particles in the course of progressing CKD. For this purpose, we analyzed the concentrations of HDL containing apolipoprotein A-I without apolipoprotein A-II (LpA-I), preβ1-HDL, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in 68 patients at various stages of CKD. The concentration of HDL cholesterol, MPO, PON-1, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity were similar in all of the analyzed stages of CKD. We did not notice significant changes in the LpA-I concentrations in the following stages of CKD (3a CKD stage: 57 ± 19; 3b CKD stage: 54 ± 15; 4 CKD stage: 52 ± 14; p = 0.49). We found, however, that the preβ1-HDL concentration and preβ1-HDL/LpA-I ratio increased along with the progress of CKD, and were inversely correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), even after adjusting for age, gender, triacylglycerols (TAG), HDL cholesterol, and statin therapy (β = −0.41, p < 0.001; β = −0.33, p = 0.001, respectively). Our results support the earlier hypothesis that kidney disease leads to the modification of HDL particles, and show that the preβ1-HDL concentration is significantly elevated in non-dialyzed patients with advanced stages of CKD.
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Zhang T, Chi XX. The effect of genistein on lipid levels and LDLR, LXRα and ABCG1 expression in postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:111. [PMID: 31890045 PMCID: PMC6924062 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the effect of genistein (Gen) on the lipid profiles and expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), liver X receptor α (LXRα) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in the plasma macrophages of postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia in China. METHODS This study considered 187 cases, where 160 postmenopausal women had hyperlipidemia. The subjects were divided into placebo group (PG) and experimental group (EG). EG received 60 mg/day of Gen, PG received placebo for 6 months. Body weight, height, waist circumference, body mass index and glucose levels were determined according to standard operating procedures. The triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1) and apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B) levels were detected in the plasma macrophages using ELISA. The protein and mRNA expression levels of LDLR, LXRα and ABCG1 were detected by western blot and real-time PCR techniques, respectively. RESULTS Compared to the baseline, Gen effectively lowered TG, TC and LDL-C levels, whereas HDL-C levels as well as the protein and mRNA expression levels of LDLR, LXRα and ABCG1 (p < 0.05) were increased. There was a significant difference in the expression of LDLR protein between the two groups (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of LDLR, LXRα and ABCG1 were significantly increased in the EG compared to the PG. CONCLUSION Gen effectively modulated the plasma lipid indices. The cholesterol-lowering effects of Gen may be attributed to its regulation on some of the key genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, 163319 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Xiao-Xing Chi
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 Heilongjiang Province China
- Agri-Food Processing and Engineering Technology Research Center of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319 Heilongjiang Province China
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Changes in lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and paraoxonase-1 activities in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Biochem 2018; 63:32-38. [PMID: 30500525 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies revealed decreased level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) as important factor for development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Quantity and structure of HDL particles depend on activities of lipid transfer proteins lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), but this topic is largely unexplored in CRC. The main objective of this study was to investigate activities of LCAT and CETP in patients with CRC. Additionally, we analyzed activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), as a main carrier of HDL-antioxidant function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-nine CRC patients and 101 healthy individuals were included. LCAT and CETP activities were assessed by measuring rates of formation and transfer of cholesteryl esters. PON-1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured. RESULTS Lower levels of HDL-C (p < .001) were observed in cohort of patients, alongside with decreased LCAT (p < .050) and increased CETP activity (p < .050). Both PON-1 activities were diminished in CRC (p < .050 and p < .001 respectively). Univariate logistic regression singled out HDL-C level (OR = 0.218, p < .001), CETP activity (OR = 1.010, p < .01) and mass (OR = 0.994, p < .001) as possible markers of elevated CRC risk. CETP mass maintained its predictive significance when adjusted for traditional risk factors and level of oxidative stress (OR = 0.993, p < .001; OR = 0.982, p < .050, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated increased CETP and decreased LCAT and PON-1 activities in CRC patients. In preliminary analysis CETP mass was identified as potential significant predictor of CRC development, suggesting that alterations in HDL-C levels, alongside with changes in HDL structure might have a role in carcinogenesis.
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Abu Khalaf R, Sabbah D, Al-Shalabi E, Bishtawi S, Albadawi G, Abu Sheikha G. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Study of Substituted Benzyl Benzamides as CETP Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 29112287 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause for mortality and morbidity in the developed world; its risk is inversely related to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Therefore, there is a great interest in developing new cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors capable of raising HDL as a novel approach for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of ten benzyl benzamides 8a-j that aim at CETP inhibition was performed. The in vitro CETP inhibition bioassay revealed that benzamide 8j had the best activity, with a percent inhibition of 82.2% at 10 μM concentration and an IC50 value of 1.3 μM. The docking study shows that the verified compounds accommodate the binding cleft of CETP and are enclosed by a hydrophobic lining. Furthermore, the scaffold of 8a-j matches the pharmacophoric points of CETP inhibitors, particularly in its hydrophobic and aromatic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Abu Khalaf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dima Sabbah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eveen Al-Shalabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samar Bishtawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghadeer Albadawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghassan Abu Sheikha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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