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Munusamy R, Shanmugasundharam S. Enhanced gastric residence time of acyclovir by floating raft formulation using box-behnken design. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24301. [PMID: 38293518 PMCID: PMC10825352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This research paper reports enhancing Acyclovir's gastric residence time by implementing a raft-forming drug delivery system. Because acyclovir is a narrow absorption window drug, it has a poor bioavailability of 10-20 % and a short half-life (t1/2) of 2.5 h. The guar gum and GMS-based floating raft formulation retain the drug in the stomach for an extended period by enhancing GRT. The Box-Behnken design is used to optimize the amount of guar gum, glyceryl monostearate, and calcium carbonate and to study how they affect the in vitro gelation time, viscosity, and in vitro drug release. The ratio of drug and excipients in guar gum (1:0.5), GMS (1:1.25) based FRF suspension containing sodium citrate (0.25 %), carbopol (0.1 %), and calcium carbonate (1:1.5). Seventeen runs were developed through the Box-Behnken design to study all the optimal interactions between variables and responses through a polynomial equation. The optimized formulation is then characterized using various physicochemical tests such as rheological analysis, in vitro drug release, kinetic drug release, and in vitro permeation studies. The in vitro gelation time, viscosity, and in vitro drug release time of optimized FRF are 12 s, 1090 cps, and 88 % at 24 h, respectively. The flux and permeability coefficient of the optimized batch have a higher value indicating higher permeability of acyclovir. The FRF follows non-fickian diffusion as a drug release mechanism. The results show that the raft-forming drug delivery system significantly enhances the absorption of Acyclovir by prolonging drug release and also improving its gastric residence time in the stomach. This research contributes to the field of drug delivery systems by providing a novel approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of acyclovir and potentially other drugs with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Munusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, 603203, India
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Safhi AY, Siddique W, Zaman M, Sarfraz RM, Shafeeq Ur Rahman M, Mahmood A, Salawi A, Sabei FY, Alsalhi A, Zoghebi K. Statistically Optimized Polymeric Buccal Films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide and Itopride Hydrochloride: An In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1551. [PMID: 38004417 PMCID: PMC10674159 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A migraine is a condition of severe headaches, causing a disturbance in the daily life of the patient. The current studies were designed to develop immediate-release polymeric buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) and Itopride Hydrochloride (ITHC) to improve their bioavailability and, hence, improve compliance with the patients of migraines and its associated symptoms. The prepared films were evaluated for various in vitro parameters, including surface morphology, mechanical strength, disintegration test (DT), total dissolving time (TDT), drug release and drug permeation, etc., and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), half-life (t1/2), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Cmax). The outcomes have indicated the successful preparation of the films, as SEM has confirmed the smooth surface and uniform distribution of drugs throughout the polymer matrix. The films were found to be mechanically stable as indicated by folding endurance studies. Furthermore, the optimized formulations showed a DT of 13 ± 1 s and TDT of 42.6 ± 0.75 s, indicating prompt disintegration as well as the dissolution of the films. Albino rabbits were used for in vivo pharmacokinetics, and the outcomes were evident of improved pharmacokinetics. The drug was found to rapidly permeate across the buccal mucosa, leading to increased bioavailability of the drug: Cmax of 130 and 119 ng/mL of ITHC and EHBR, respectively, as compared to 96 (ITHC) and 90 ng/mL (EHBR) of oral solution. The conclusion can be drawn that possible reasons for the enhanced bioavailability could be the increased surface area in the form of buccal films, its rapid disintegration, and faster dissolution, which led toward the rapid absorption of the drug into the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awaji Y. Safhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Waqar Siddique
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Asif Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdullah Alsalhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.S.); (F.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Siddique W, Sarfraz RM, Zaman M, Khan R, Gul M, Asghar F, Malik T, Saif A, Shamim QUA, Salawi A, Alshamrani M, Almoshari Y, Sabei FY. Method development and validation for simultaneous determination of Eletriptan hydrobromide and Itopride hydrochloride from fast dissolving buccal films by using RP-HPLC. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the most effective, rapid, and simple methods reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used for simultaneous development and validation of Eletriptan hydrobromide (ELE HBR) and Itopride hydrochloride (ITP HCL) in combination. The method was validated based on the regulations of United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Separation of both drugs was achieved within approximately 5 min by using a mobile phase made up of a 70:30 ratio of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile having a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. Furthermore, a comprehensive study was conducted on precision, accuracy, linearity, inter-day, intra-day studies, an assay of formulated films, and stability studies of combined prepared film. Co-efficient of correlation ranged between 0.9993, and 0.9965 for ELE HBR and ITP HCL respectively. The accuracy of the developed method was accurate as drug recoveries in both cases of ITP HCL, and ELE HBR falls between (99.87, 99.96, and 99.84%) to (99.81, 99.12, and 98.44%) respectively having a concentration range of solutions between 10, 30 and 50 μg mL−1 dilution. Films developed by using both drugs in combination were then validated for assay studies, and it was found that substantial results of 99.05%, and 99.87% were found in the case of ITP HCL and ELE HBR respectively. The stability of the solution and mobile phase showed the method's accuracy as the results were 97% for ITP HCL and 99% for ELE HBR. The proposed method developed for simultaneous determination of ITP HCL and ELE HBR was developed and validation and no interaction of any excipient were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Siddique
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johar Institute of Professional Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Gul
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johar Institute of Professional Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Asghar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johar Institute of Professional Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tangina Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asiya Saif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Sonawane RO, Patil SD, Pardeshi CV, Mahajan HS, Nerkar PP. New glyoxalated pre-gelatinized starch as release retardant for extended release pellets containing zaltoprofen: statistical optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2021.1972374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Onkar Sonawane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Savita Dattatraya Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | | | - Hitendra Shaligram Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Pankaj Padmakar Nerkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
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Tagami T, Kuwata E, Ozeki T. Confectionery Xylitol Gum-Containing Tablets for Medical Application and the Sintering Effect on Gum Tablets. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1309-1315. [PMID: 34471059 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Confectionery ingredients are expected to enhance the medication adherence of pediatric patients taking bitter-tasting drugs when adequate pediatric medicines are not available in practical settings. Gum is a familiar confectionery, and several drug-loaded gums are on the market as medicated chewing gums. In this study, medical gum tablets composed of confectionery xylitol gum and a drug (ibuprofen or acetaminophen) were prepared and evaluated for the purpose of potential hospital applications. The effect of the sintering process, a heating treatment, on the physical properties of the solid materials was also examined. The sintering process markedly improved the hardness of the gum tablets. The sintering temperature and time affected the hardness of both ibuprofen- and acetaminophen-loaded gum tablets, whereas heat treatment around the melting point of ibuprofen or xylitol and longer heat treatment resulted in failure of the preparation or a reduction in hardness. The sintered gum tablets exhibited a delayed drug release profile in artificial saliva after an in vitro chewing test. The current results provide basic and useful information about the preparation of gum-containing tablets in future clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Tagami
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Eriko Kuwata
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tetsuya Ozeki
- Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Banerjee S, Joshi U, Singh A, Saharan VA. Lipids for Taste masking and Taste assessment in pharmaceutical formulations. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 235:105031. [PMID: 33352198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products often have drawbacks of unacceptable taste and palatability which makes it quite difficult for oral administration to some special populations like pediatrics and geriatrics. To curb this issue different approaches like coating, granulation, extrusion, inclusion complexation, ion-exchange resins, etc for taste masking are employed and among them use of lipids have drawn special attention of researchers. Lipids have a lower melting point which is ideal for incorporating drugs in some of these methods like hot-melt extrusion, melt granulation, spray drying/congealing and emulsification. Lipids play a significant role as a barrier to sustain the release of drugs and biocompatible nature of lipids increases their acceptability by the human body. Further, lipids provide vast opportunities of altering pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients by modulating release profiles. In taste sensors, also known as electronic tongue or e-tongue, lipids are used in preparing taste sensing membranes which are subsequently used in preparing taste sensors. Lipid membrane taste sensors have been widely used in assessing taste and palatability of pharmaceutical and food formulations. This review explores applications of lipids in masking the bitter taste in pharmaceutical formulations and significant role of lipids in evaluation of taste and palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Banerjee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Ujjwal Joshi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India.
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Zhang K, Zhuang Y, Li J, Liu X, He S. Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Modified MoS 2 Nanoparticle-Based Transdermal Delivery of Atenolol. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5517-5526. [PMID: 32801703 PMCID: PMC7414933 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s257906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide and is typically treated using oral drugs. However, the frequency of oral administration may result in poor patient compliance, and reduced bioavailability owing to the first-pass effect can also prove problematic. Methods In this study, we developed a new transdermal-drug-delivery system (TDDS) for the treatment of hypertension using atenolol (ATE) based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-decorated three-dimensional (3D) flower-like MoS2 nanoparticles (PAA-MoS2 NPs) that respond to NIR laser irradiation. The PAA-modified MoS2 NPs were synthesized and characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and the sedimentation equilibrium method. The drug-loading efficiency and photothermal conversion effect were also explored. Results The results showed that the colloidally stable PAA-MoS2 NPs exhibited a high drug-loading capacity of 54.99% and high photothermal conversion ability. Further, the capacity of the PAA-MoS2 NPs for controlled release was explored using in vitro drug-release and skin-penetration studies. The drug-release percentage was 44.72 ± 1.04%, and skin penetration was enhanced by a factor of 1.85 in the laser-stimulated group. Sustained and controlled release by the developed TDDS were observed with laser stimulation. Moreover, in vivo erythema index analysis verified that the PAA-MoS2 NPs did not cause skin irritation. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that PAA-MoS2 NPs can be used as a new carrier for transdermal drug delivery for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhuang
- College of Humanities and Management, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Li
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Abbasnezhad N, Shirinbayan M, Tcharkhtchi A, Bakir F. In vitro study of drug release from various loaded polyurethane samples and subjected to different non-pulsed flow rates. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hamdi M, Abdel-Bar HM, Elmowafy E, Al-Jamal KT, Awad GAS. An integrated vitamin E-coated polymer hybrid nanoplatform: A lucrative option for an enhanced in vitro macrophage retention for an anti-hepatitis B therapeutic prospect. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227231. [PMID: 31923260 PMCID: PMC6953793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A platform capable of specifically delivering an antiviral drug to the liver infected with hepatitis B is a major concern in hepatology. Vaccination has had a major effect on decreasing the emerging numbers of new cases of infection. However, the total elimination of the hepatitis B virus from the body requires prolonged therapy. In this work, we aimed to target the liver macrophages with lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPH), combining the merit of polymeric nanoparticles and lipid vesicles. The hydrophilic antiviral drug, entecavir (E), loaded LPH nanoparticles were optimized and physicochemically characterized. A modulated lipidic corona, as well as, an additional coat with vitamin E were used to extend the drug release enhance the macrophage uptake. The selected vitamin E coated LPH nanoparticles enriched with lecithin-glyceryl monostearate lipid shell exhibited high entrapment for E (80.47%), a size ≤ 200 nm for liver passive targeting, extended release over one week, proven serum stability, retained stability after refrigeration storage for 6 months. Upon macrophage uptake in vitro assessment, the presented formulation displayed promising traits, enhancing the cellular retention in J774 macrophages cells. In vivo and antiviral activity futuristic studies would help in the potential application of the ELPH in hepatitis B control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Gehanne A. S. Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Sadat City, Egypt
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Adeleke OA. Premium ethylcellulose polymer based architectures at work in drug delivery. Int J Pharm X 2019; 1:100023. [PMID: 31517288 PMCID: PMC6733301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Premium ethylcellulose polymers are hydrophobic cellulose ether based biomaterials widely employed as biocompatible templates for the design of novel drug delivery systems. They are classified as United States Food and Drug Administration Generally-Recognized-As-Safe chemical substances and have been extensively utilized within the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries for over half a century. They have so far demonstrated the potential to modulate and improve the physiological performance of bioactives leading to the desired enhanced prophylactic and therapeutic outcomes. This review therefore presents a scholarly survey of inter-disciplinary developments focused on the functionalities of ethylcellulose polymers as biomaterials useful for the design of smart delivery architectures for relevant pharmacotherapeutic biomedical applications. Emphasis was placed on evaluating scientific resources related to recent advancements and future directions associated with its applications as delivery systems for drugs and biologics within the past decade thus complementing other specialized reviews showcasing the theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin A. Adeleke
- Address: Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Maghrebi S, Prestidge CA, Joyce P. An update on polymer-lipid hybrid systems for improving oral drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:507-524. [PMID: 30957577 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1605353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A promising approach that has recently emerged to overcome the complex biobarriers and interrelated challenges associated with oral drug absorption is to combine the benefits of polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers within one hybrid system. This multifaceted formulation strategy has given rise to a plethora of polymer-lipid hybrid (PLH) systems with varying nanostructures and biological activities, all of which have demonstrated the ability to improve the biopharmaceutical performance of a wide range of challenging therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The multitude of polymers that can be combined with lipids to exert a synergistic effect for oral drug delivery have been identified, reviewed and critically evaluated. Specific focus is attributed to preclinical studies performed within the past 5 years that have elucidated the role and mechanism of the polymer phase in altering the oral absorption of encapsulated therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION The potential of PLH systems has been clearly identified; however, improved understanding of the structure-activity relationship between PLH systems and oral absorption is fundamental for translating this promising delivery approach into a clinically relevant formulation. Advancing research within this field to identify optimal polymer, lipid combinations and engineering conditions for specific therapeutics are therefore encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedehsadat Maghrebi
- a School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia.,b ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- a School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia.,b ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- c Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg , Sweden
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