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Yang L, Yang C, Song Z, Wan M, Xia H, Yang X, Xu D, Pan D, Liu H, Wang S, Sun G. Different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios affect postprandial metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023; 12:1157-1166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hou X, Song A, Guan Y, Tian P, Ren L, Tang Y, Wang C, Gao L, Song G, Xing X. Identification of the Chinese Population That Can Benefit Most From Postprandial Lipid Testing: Validation of the Use of Oral Fat Tolerance Testing in Clinical Practice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:831435. [PMID: 35250883 PMCID: PMC8894673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.831435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia has become increasingly prevalent in recent decades. Blood lipid concentrations are significantly influenced by diet; however, postprandial triglyceride concentration (PTG) is not often measured. PTG can reflect the risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but not all individuals would benefit from PTG testing. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the PTG response in a Chinese cohort and identify who would benefit from diagnostic PTG measurement. METHODS A total of 400 Chinese adults were enrolled and underwent oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), which was well tolerated. The participants were assigned to groups according to their fasting triglyceride concentration to evaluate the usefulness of PTG testing. A PTG concentration > 2.5 mmol/L was defined as high (HPTG). RESULTS Of the 400 participants, 78.9% showed an undesirable PTG response. Those with FTG ≥1.0 mmol/L had a delayed PTG peak and higher peak values. Seventy-five percent of those with 1.0 mmol/L ≤FTG <1.7 mmol/L had HPTG, of whom 18.6% had impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The present data confirm the previously reported predictive value of PTG testing. Moreover, the findings indicate that Chinese people with FTGs of 1.0 -1.7 mmol/L may benefit most from the identification of postprandial hyperlipidemia through OFTT because more than half of them have occult HPTG, which may require treatment. Thus, the detection of HPTG using an OFTT represents a useful means of identifying dyslipidemia and abnormal glucose metabolism early. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx], identifier ChiCTR1800019514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - An Song
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peipei Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Luping Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guo LL, Zhu LY, Xu J, Xie YY, Xiang QY, Jiang ZY, Tan YR, Liu L. Determination of the Optimal Cutoff Value of Triglyceride That Corresponds to Fasting Levels in Chinese Subjects With Marked Hypertriglyceridemia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:736059. [PMID: 34631833 PMCID: PMC8498036 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.736059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of triglyceride (TG) ≥ 2. 3 mmol/L is suggestive of marked hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and requires treatment with a triglyceride-lowering agent in high-risk and very high-risk patients as recommended by the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. However, the optimal cutoff value required to diagnose non-fasting HTG that corresponds to the fasting goal level of 2.3 mmol/L in Chinese subjects is unknown. This study enrolled 602 cardiology inpatients. Blood lipid levels, including calculated non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and remnant cholesterol (RC), were measured at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily Chinese breakfast. Of these, 482 inpatients had TG levels of <2.3 mmol/L (CON group) and 120 inpatients had TG levels of ≥2.3 mmol/L (HTG group). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff values for postprandial HTG that corresponded to a target fasting level of 2.3 mmol/L. Marked hypertriglyceridemia (≥2.3 mmol/L) was found in 120 (19.9%) patients in this study population. The levels of non-fasting TG and RC increased significantly in both groups and reached the peak at 4 h after a daily meal, especially in the HTG group (p < 0.05). The optimal cutoff value of TG at 4 h, which corresponds to fasting TG of ≥2.3 mmol/L, that can be used to predict HTG, was 2.66 mmol/L. According to the new non-fasting cutoff value, the incidence of non-fasting HTG is close to its fasting level. In summary, this is the first study to determine the non-fasting cutoff value that corresponds to a fasting TG of ≥2.3 mmol/L in Chinese patients. Additionally, 2.66 mmol/l at 4 h after a daily meal could be an appropriate cutoff value that can be used to detect non-fasting marked HTG in Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Ying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qun-Yan Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe-Yi Jiang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang-Rong Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Hou X, Guan Y, Tang Y, Song A, Zhao J, Ren L, Chen S, Wei L, Ma H, Song G. A correlation study of the relationships between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and serum triglyceride concentration after an oral fat tolerance test. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:54. [PMID: 34034748 PMCID: PMC8152134 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. Triglyceride (TG) accumulation is central to NAFLD development. People now spend most of their day in the postprandial state, and the measurement of postprandial blood lipid concentration can make up for the lack of simple detection of fasting blood lipids. Postprandial triglyceride (PTG) is commonly used as a surrogate for postprandial blood lipid concentrations, and many studies have shown that PTG is a risk factor for NAFLD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between PTG concentration during oral fat tolerance testing (OFTT) and NAFLD. METHODS A total of 472 Chinese adults, aged 25 to 65 years, were enrolled in the study. All the participants underwent OFTT. The serum concentrations of TG and other lipids were measured, and their relationships with NAFLD were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 472 participants, 155 were diagnosed with NAFLD. The fasting and postprandial TG concentrations of the participants with NAFLD were higher than those of healthy participants (P < 0.05). The TG concentrations of the healthy participants peaked 4 h postprandially, whereas those of the participants with NAFLD peaked 6 h postprandially and reached higher peak values. Postprandial TG concentration was significantly associated with a higher risk of NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS High PTG is positively related to a higher risk of NAFLD, and the PTG concentrations of patients with NAFLD are higher than in healthy individuals, with a delayed peak. Therefore, 4-h PTG may represent a potential marker of NAFLD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR1800019514 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - An Song
- Key laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348, Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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Guo LL, Chen YQ, Lin QZ, Tian F, Xiang QY, Zhu LY, Xu J, Wen T, Liu L. Non-HDL-C Is More Stable Than LDL-C in Assessing the Percent Attainment of Non-fasting Lipid for Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:649181. [PMID: 33869310 PMCID: PMC8049565 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.649181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the percentage attainment of fasting and non-fasting LDL-C and non-HDL-C target levels in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients receiving short-term statin therapy. This study enrolled 397 inpatients with CHD. Of these, 197 patients took statins for <1 month (m) or did not take any statin before admission (CHD1 group), while 204 patients took statins for ≥1 m before admission (CHD2 group). Blood lipid levels were measured at 0, 2, and 4 h after a daily breakfast. Non-fasting LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels significantly decreased after a daily meal (P < 0.05). Both fasting and non-fasting LDL-C or non-HDL-C levels were significantly lower in the CHD2 group. The percentage attainment of LDL-C <1.4 mmol/L at 2 and 4 h after a daily breakfast was significantly higher than that during fasting (P < 0.05), but the percent attainment of non-fasting non-HDL-C <2.2 mmol/L was close to its fasting value (P > 0.05). Analysis of c-statistic showed that non-fasting cut-off points for LDL-C and non-HDL-C were 1.19 and 2.11 mmol/L, corresponding to their fasting goal levels of 1.4 and 2.2 mmol/L, respectively. When post-prandial LDL-C and non-HDL-C goal attainments were re-evaluated using non-fasting cut-off points, there were no significant differences in percentage attainment between fasting and non-fasting states. Non-HDL-C is more stable than LDL-C in assessing the percent attainment of non-fasting lipid for coronary heart disease patients. If we want to use LDL-C to assess the percent attainment of post-prandial blood lipids, we may need to determine a lower non-fasting cut-off point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yan-Qiao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Zhen Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qun-Yan Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Wen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Center South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Feng X, Li M, Liu H, Higgins PB, Tang Y, Cao Y, Shen J, Jin S, Ge S. Reduced postprandial serum triglyceride after a meal prepared using hot air frying: A randomized crossover trial. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Determination of optimal cut-off points after a high-fat meal corresponding to fasting elevations of triglyceride and remnant cholesterol in Chinese subjects. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:206. [PMID: 31767005 PMCID: PMC6876091 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial high triglyceride (HTG), marking elevated level of remnant cholesterol (RC), is an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease (CHD). The postprandial cut-off points for HTG and high RC (HRC) after a daily meal are recommended as 2.0 mmol/L and 0.9 mmol/L, respectively, by the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), while those after a high-fat meal in Chinese subjects were not explored. METHODS Ninety subjects, including 60 CHD patients (CHD group) and 30 non-CHD controls (CON group), were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of blood lipids, including calculated RC, were monitored at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after a high-fat meal with 800 kcal and 50 g fat. Analysis of c-statistic was used to determine the cut-off points for postprandial HTG and HRC. RESULTS Postprandial levels of triglyceride (TG) and RC significantly increased and peaked at 4 h after a high-fat meal in two groups, although those in CHD group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The optimal cut-off point to predict HTG at 4 h corresponding to fasting TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L was 3.12 mmol/L, and that to predict HRC at 4 h corresponding to fasting RC ≥ 0.8 mmol/L was 1.36 mmol/L. According to the new cut-off points, the omissive diagnosis rates of postprandial HTG and HRC decreased obviously. CONCLUSION The cut-off points of postprandial HTG and HRC in Chinese subjects after a high-fat meal were higher than those after a daily meal recommended by the EAS, indicating that specific cut-off points should be determined after a certain high-fat meal.
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Kolovou GD, Watts GF, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez-Martínez P, Mora S, Bilianou H, Panotopoulos G, Katsiki N, Ooi TC, Lopez-Miranda J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Tentolouris N, Nordestgaard BG. Postprandial Hypertriglyceridaemia Revisited in the Era of Non-Fasting Lipid Profile Testing: A 2019 Expert Panel Statement, Narrative Review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:515-537. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190503123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing
lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status)
and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may
influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over
the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants
of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response,
and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome,
non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia
are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genovefa D. Kolovou
- Cardiology Department and LDL-Apheresis Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Bilianou
- Department of Cardiology, Tzanio Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teik C. Ooi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Tentolouris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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