Haematological parameters and lipid profile abnormalities among patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus in Ghana

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with type 2 diabetes in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Dyslipidemia is an established cardiovascular risk factor in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the extent to which these conditions co-occur in Africa is unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia among persons with T2D in Africa.

Methods

Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on 5 December 2023. This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered on PROSPERO. The prevalence data for dyslipidemia was pooled through a random-effects meta-analysis. The authors assessed heterogeneity and publication bias using I 2 statistics and Egger's test, respectively.

Results

Our search identified 8035 records, of which 60 articles involving 20 034 individuals with T2D were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia recorded 38.6% (95% CI: 34.1-43.4) for high TC (≥ 5.2 mmol/l), 52.7% (95% CI: 44.2-61.1) for high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (≥ 2.6 mmol/l), 43.5% (95% CI: 37.1-50.0) for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (< 1.0 mmol/l in men and less than 1.3 mmol/l in women), and 37.4% (95% CI: 32.2-42.9) for high triglycerides (TG) (≥ 1.7 mmol/l). Subgroup analysis based on gender indicated a notably higher prevalence of dyslipidemia among females compared to males.

Conclusion

Dyslipidemia is prevalent among persons with T2D in Africa. This highlights the need for early screening, diagnosis, and management of dyslipidemia to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular complications in this population.

Health-related quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional study in the cape coast metropolis

Background and Aim

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has in recent decades become a global pandemic, accounting for over 90% of DM cases. The study evaluated the health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and identified its determinants among type 2 DM patients at the University of Cape Coast Hospital.

Methods

We conducted our study at the University of Cape Coast Hospital from January to March 2022. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire was administered to 68 type 2 DM patients. Data were then inputted into Microsoft Excel and analyzed accordingly using IBM SPSS statistical software version 26 and GraphPad Prism 8.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 60.71 ± 12.18 with 55.9% being females. The average systolic, diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of participants were 140.99 ± 22.27, 85 ± 11.14 and 7.97 ± 2.66 respectively. With the EQ-5D-5L scale, participants reported severe to extreme problems mainly in pain/discomfort (19.1%) and mobility (8.8%) dimensions. Approximately 21% (14/68) of patients reported themselves as being in perfect health based on the EQ-5D index score with no significant difference between males and females (p ≥ 0.05). On a scale of 0 to 100, most (26.5%) of the participants rated their general health state at 80. Age was significantly associated with all five dimensions while patients with comorbidities had higher odds of experiencing pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.

Conclusion

The study reveals that pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression are the most experienced problems among patients with type 2 DM. The HrQoL of type 2 DM patients was also found to be affected by age, comorbidities, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Therefore, identifying these factors and developing appropriate interventions is crucial for improving patient outcomes and enhancing treatment outcomes.

Comparative Analysis of Glycemic and Lipid Profiles in Newly Diagnosed Males and Females With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background Age- and gender-based differences in diabetes demographic characteristics have been studied in many types of research. These differences extend further to diabetes-related comorbidities. Dyslipidemia is a common complication associated with diabetes and causes a substantial increase in cardiovascular morbidity. The study aims to compare the pattern of dyslipidemia between males and females among different age categories in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology A retrospective database study was conducted at Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC), Basrah, Southern Iraq. We included adult patients with newly diagnosed and drug naïve T2DM between January 2018 and October 2022. Patients' data in the form of body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used for comparisons. Results Below the age of 35, males exhibited significantly higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, and TG compared to females, along with a significantly lower level of HDL-C. However, there were no significant differences in BMI, RBG, TC, and LDL-C. Between the ages of 35 and 44, females in this study demonstrated significantly higher BMI and HDL-C levels, while males exhibited higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, RBG, and TG. However, there were no significant differences observed in TC and LDL-C levels. Similar results were found among the age group 45 to 55, with the only exception being FBG, which became nonsignificant. In patients between 55 and 64 years old, BMI, HDL-C, and TC were significantly higher in females (P < 0.05). In patients aged above 65 years, BMI and HDL-C remained significantly higher in females, while RBG was significantly higher in males. No significant differences were observed among other parameters (HbA1c, TG, TC, and LDL-C). Conclusions In patients aged 54 years and younger, males were significantly more likely to have severe hyperglycemia, higher TG, and lower HDL-C compared to females at the time of T2DM diagnosis. In older patients, this pattern is lost, with only a significantly lower HDL-C observed.

Association of the HALP Score with Dyslipidemia: A Large, Nationwide Retrospective Study

Background and Objectives: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The identification of new biomarkers that may enhance the risk assessment of lipid abnormalities is a promising approach in improving risk prediction of CVD. There is no information on the association of the hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of the HALP score in light of dyslipidemia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 7192 subjects was initiated to assess the association between the HALP score and disturbed lipid markers. Medians were compared by Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests and the diagnostic performance and risk assessment were calculated. Results: Median HALP score among all subjects was 53.3, with varying values between males and females. Notably, median HALP was significantly elevated in all forms of dyslipidemia and among males and females irrespective of age. The odds of having elevated HALP score values were significantly higher in all lipid abnormalities. Moreover, HALP score was significantly yet weakly correlated with lipid markers, while the highest diagnostic accuracy of the HALP score was observed with an elevated ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (TC/HDL) (area under the curve, AUC = 0.6411, p < 0.0001). The decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that the HALP score can reliably predict the presence of dyslipidemia. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the HALP score is a novel, cost-effective index that is associated with a disturbed lipid profile. Further investigation of the nature of this association is needed.

Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.

The relationship between body mass index, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis risk factors in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients from northwestern Algeria

Objective. The present work was framed to study the relationship between body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and atherosclerosis risk factors on the basis of three lipid ratios in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients.

Methods. A prospective, comparative, and cross-sectional study was performed at the level of three health facilities in Sidi-Bel-Abbes city (north-western Algeria). Anthropometric parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and lipid profiles were assessed in adults T1D and T2D patients over a period of eleven months. Individual atherogenic risk factors were estimated based on lipid ratios in relation to corpulence and hypertension.

Results. From the total 237 adult diabetic patients, 90 T1D and 147 T2D ones were involved in the study. Total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG)/HDL ratios were significantly higher in normal weight T2D comparing to T1D. The TC/HDL ratio was significantly higher (p=0.046) in obese men. Nevertheless, no significant differences were revealed in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL ratio between T1D and T2D patients. Higher TC/HDL ratios were observed in T2D patients (males and females) with normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, SBP ≤13.5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure, DBP ≤8 mmHg) comparing to T1D patients. Likewise, the LDL/HDL ratio was significantly higher in T2D men with normal DBP (p=0.044).

Conclusion. The lipid ratios constitute good indices while managing diabetes. It is also recommended to screen T1D and T2D patients for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity and initiate the management at early stages to prevent the related complications, such as atherosclerosis, as a priority.

Peripheral Cytopenia and Its Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients, Northwest Ethiopia

Background

Hematological abnormalities are linked with diabetes mellitus (DM) and play a major role in diabetes-related micro- and macro-vascular complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the magnitude of peripheral cytopenia and associated factors in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2021 at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A total of 357 T2DM participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A total of 3 mL of venous blood samples were collected using the vacutainer method for the complete blood count (CBC). A univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to investigate the association between dependent and independent variables. P-value ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The magnitude of cytopenia, bicytopenia, and pancytopenia were 21% (95% CI: 17.1, 25.53), 1.1% (95% CI: 0.44, 2.85), and 0.56% (95% CI: 0.01, 1.12), respectively. Furthermore, the magnitudes of anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia were 8.7% (95% CI: 6.18, 12.06), 10.9% (95% CI: 8.09, 14.59), and 5.3% (95% CI: 3.43, 8.16), respectively. Being male (AOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 1.43, 7.56), lack of exercise (AOR: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.137, 6.43), and never married (AOR: 3.90; 95% CI: 1.248, 12.18) were all associated with anemia.

Conclusion

This study showed that T2DM causes disturbances in the hematological parameters and leads to a mild level of cytopenia. It is, therefore, suggested that hematological abnormalities, especially cytopenia, should be monitored and controlled on a regular basis in T2DM patients for better prognosis and quality of life.

Insights into the genetic architecture of haematological traits from deep phenotyping and whole-genome sequencing for two Mediterranean isolated populations

Haematological traits are linked to cardiovascular, metabolic, infectious and immune disorders, as well as cancer. Here, we examine the role of genetic variation in shaping haematological traits in two isolated Mediterranean populations. Using whole-genome sequencing data at 22× depth for 1457 individuals from Crete (MANOLIS) and 1617 from the Pomak villages in Greece, we carry out a genome-wide association scan for haematological traits using linear mixed models. We discover novel associations (p < 5 × 10^–9) of five rare non-coding variants with alleles conferring effects of 1.44–2.63 units of standard deviation on red and white blood cell count, platelet and red cell distribution width. Moreover, 10.0% of individuals in the Pomak population and 6.8% in MANOLIS carry a pathogenic mutation in the Haemoglobin Subunit Beta (HBB) gene. The mutational spectrum is highly diverse (10 different mutations). The most frequent mutation in MANOLIS is the common Mediterranean variant IVS-I-110 (G>A) (rs35004220). In the Pomak population, c.364C>A (“HbO-Arab”, rs33946267) is most frequent (4.4% allele frequency). We demonstrate effects on haematological and other traits, including bilirubin, cholesterol, and, in MANOLIS, height and gestation age. We find less severe effects on red blood cell traits for HbS, HbO, and IVS-I-6 (T>C) compared to other b+ mutations. Overall, we uncover allelic diversity of HBB in Greek isolated populations and find an important role for additional rare variants outside of HBB.

Changes in Metabolic Regulation and the Microbiota Composition after Supplementation with Different Fatty Acids in db/db Mice

Introduction

The effects of fatty acids on health vary and depend on the type, amount, and route of consumption. EPA and DHA have a defined role in health, unlike coconut oil.

Objective

The aim was to investigate the changes in metabolic regulation and the composition of the culture-dependent microbiota after supplementation with different fatty acids in db/db mice. Material and Methods. We were using 32 8-week-old db/db mice, supplemented for eight weeks with EPA/DHA derived from microalgae as well as coconut oil. The lipid, hormonal profiles, and composition of the culture-dependent microbiota and the phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were determined for identification of the intestinal microbiota.

Results

Enriched diet with EPA/DHA reduced TNF-α, C-peptide, insulin resistance, resistin, and the plasma atherogenic index, but increased TC, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and TG without changes in HDL-c. Coconut oil raised the HDL-c, GIP, and TNF-α, with TG, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and C-peptide reduced.

Conclusion

The most abundant microbial populations were Firmicutes and the least Proteobacteria. EPA/DHA derived from microalgae contributes to improving the systemic inflammatory status, but depressed the diversity of the small intestine microbiota. Coconut oil only decreased the C-peptide, raising TNF-α, with an unfavorable hormonal and lipid profile.

Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can have adverse effects on pregnancy. GDM is associated with changes in the lipid profile of pregnant women. Finding out the early ways to diagnose GDM can prevent the adverse outcomes. This meta-analysis study aimed to determine the effect of GDM on lipid profile. PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial were systematically searched for published articles relating to GDM until 2021 according to PRISMA guidelines. Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Thirty-three studies with a sample size of 23,792 met the criteria for entering the meta-analysis. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) was 0.23 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.11–0.34) and 1.14 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.91–1.38), respectively. The mean of TC and TG in people with GDM was higher than that in normal pregnant women. A similar pattern was observed for the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, with pooled SMD of 0.99 mg (95% CI: 0.71–1.27) and 0.65 mg (95% CI: 0.36–0.94), respectively. Pooled SMD for HDL was −0.35 mg/dL (95% CI: −0.54 to −0.16), women with GDM had a mean HDL lower than normal pregnant women. Although pooled SMD was higher for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the GDM group, this difference was not significant (0.14 [95% CI: −0.04 to 0.32]). Of all the lipid profiles, the largest difference between the GDM and control groups was observed in TG (SMD: 1.14). Elevated serum TG had the strongest effect on GDM. Higher levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG/HDL ratio, and lower level of HDL were exhibited in GDM group. So, these markers can be considered as a reliable marker in the diagnosis of GDM.

Celecoxib exhibits therapeutic potential in experimental model of hyperlipidaemia

Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death globally. Celecoxib attenuated hypercholesterolaemia associated with CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats without improving liver function in our previous study. This present study investigated the lipid lowering potential of celecoxib in normal rats fed with coconut oil subjected to five deep-frying episodes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to groups (n = 6 rats/group) which received physiological saline (10 mL/kg), unheated coconut oil (UO, 10 mL/kg) or heated coconut oil (HO, 10 ml/kg) for 60 days. Groups that received HO were subsequently treated with either physiological saline, atorvastatin (25 mg/kg), celecoxib (5 mg/kg) or celecoxib (10 mg/kg) in the last fifteen days of the experiment. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after last treatment and blood and tissue samples collected for analysis. HO consumption produced significant hyperlipidaemia and elevation in marker enzymes of hepatic function. Celecoxib ameliorated the hyperlipidaemia as shown by the significantly (P<0.05) lower total cholesterol, triglycerides, low and very low density lipoprotein in the celecoxib-treated rats when compared with HO-fed rats that received saline. Celecoxib also reduced (P<0.05) alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and liver weight of hyperlipidaemic rats. Similarly, hepatocellular damage with the hyperlipidaemia was significantly reversed by celecoxib. However, serum TNF-α and IL-6 did not change significantly between the various groups. Taken together, data from this study suggest that celecoxib may exert therapeutic benefit in hyperlipidaemia and its attendant consequences.

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Disturbance of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field in the Serum Metabolic Spectrum and Gut Microbiota

Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel ablation technique that is based on high-intensity electric voltage to achieve tumour-killing effect in the target region, and increasingly considered for treating tumours of the liver, kidneys and other organs with rich blood supply. This study aims to observe effect of nsPFE treatment on serum metabolites and gut microbiota. The serum and faecal specimens of the pigs were collected pre- and post-treatment. The gut microbiota of pigs was sequenced by Illumina Miseq platform for analysing the diversity and alterations of gut microbiota. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabonomic analysis and Pearson coefficient method were also used to construct the interaction system of different metabolites, metabolic pathways and flora. A total of 1,477 differential metabolites from the serum were identified by four cross-comparisons of different post-operative groups with the control group. In addition, an average of 636 OTUs per sample was detected. Correlation analysis also revealed the strong correlation between intestinal bacteria and differential metabolites. The nsPEF ablation of the liver results in a degree of liver damage that affects various metabolic pathways, mainly lipid metabolism, as well as gut microbiota. In conclusion, our study provided a good point for the safety and feasibility of applying nsPEF on liver through the integrated analysis of metabolomics and microbiomes, which is beneficial for the improvement of nsPEF in clinical use.

Hematological parameters of type 2 diabetic adult patients at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a global public health problem and associated with metabolic, cellular, and blood disturbances. Hematological changes have been reported in diabetes and play a major role in diabetes-associated complications. However, reports are contradicting and data on hematological parameters of type 2 diabetic patients in the study area are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the hematological parameters of type 2 diabetic adult patients at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia from May 01 to June 30, 2020.

METHODS

A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 268 (134 type 2 diabetic patients and 134 controls) study participants selected by systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire and checklist. Ethical approval was obtained from Jimma University. All phase of quality assurance was maintained. Hematological parameters and blood glucose levels were determined using UniCel DxH 800 (Beckman Coulter, USA) and Biosystems A25 (Costa Brava, Spain) analyzers, respectively. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation, and logistic regression were used during data analysis. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS

The current study found that total white blood cell count, absolute counts of neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and basophil, red blood cell distribution width, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients as compared to the control group (P<0.05). On the other hand, the mean hemoglobin was significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients than the control group (P = 0.007). Anemia was found in 17.9% of type 2 diabetic patients. Longer duration of diabetes (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.12-8.34) and milk consumption (AOR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.50-14.00) were significantly associated with anemia.

CONCLUSION

This study showed a statistically significant variation in some hematological parameters of type 2 diabetic patients compared to control group. Anemia among type 2 diabetic patients was found to be a mild public health problem. Therefore, routine screening of hematological parameters should be considered for proper management of type 2 diabetic patients. Close attention should also be given to the duration of diabetes and dietary practice.

Association between RBC Indices, Anemia, and Obesity-Related Diseases Affected by Body Mass Index in Iranian Kurdish Population: Results from a Cohort Study in Western Iran

OBJECTIVE

The relationship between RBC indices and metabolic diseases remains unclear. The association between anemia and obesity is also controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between RBC indices and metabolic diseases caused by obesity and evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on RBC indices on the Ravansar cohort data.

METHOD

For the purpose of this study, 9826 participants aged 35-65 years (5158 females and 4668 males) were recruited in the analyses. A quadratic prediction fit plot investigated the association between RBC indices with BMI and lipid profile. The odds ratio of obesity-related diseases in each quartile category of RBC indices and anemia was estimated using multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Subjects in the fourth quartiles of RBC count, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and red cell distribution width (RDW) had a higher risk for obesity-related diseases compared to the first quartiles. However, individuals with the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in fourth quartiles had lower ORs of obesity-related diseases. While BMI reduced the effect of RBC count, HCT, HGB, and RDW on the incidence risk of obesity-related disease, it increased the impact of MCV, MCH, and MCHC. There was a negative association between BMI and RBC indices except for RDW. The BMI effect on RBC indices was different in normal and obese individuals. BMI in mild anemia lowered the risk of metabolic diseases, but it increased the risk of metabolic diseases for moderate anemia.

CONCLUSION

A higher risk of obesity-related diseases was observed in the fourth quartiles of RBC count, HCT, HGB, and RDW compared to the first quartiles. However, the incidence risk was lower for MCV, MCH, and MCHC. BMI plays an anemia-type dependent role in the relationship. Consideration should be given to the type of anemia in the relationship between BMI and anemia.

Mormodica charantia L. fruit and Genistein ameliorates type 2 diabetes in rats by preventing lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and enhancing beta cell function

PURPOSE

The present study was aimed at evaluating the role of Momordica charantia L. fruit and Genistein on beta cell, insulin resistance/sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats.

METHODS

Thirty-five (35) albino rats were divided into seven (7) groups of 5 rats each comprising of five (5) non-diabetic and thirty (30) diabetic rats. Groups 1 and 2 served as the normal control and diabetic control groups respectively and received distill water, groups 3 and 4 received Mormodica charantia L. at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Groups 5 and 6 received Genistein at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg respectively while group 7 received Metformin at 500 mg/kg the experiment lasted for four weeks. All the rats were euthanized at the end of the fourth week.

RESULTS

Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels were determined from the analysis of serum parameters and the histology of the pancreas. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose levels was noticed in rats that received Momordica charantia L. (MC) and genistein when compared with diabetic control rats. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were also noted in rats that received MC and Genistein when compared with the diabetic control rats. MC and Genistein significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum insulin level compared to the diabetic control rats. MC and Genistein significantly decreased (p < 0.05) homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) level compared with the diabetic control group. Pancreas of rats that received MC and Genistein showed regenerating beta-cells.

CONCLUSION

Momordica charantia L. fruit and Genistein were able to enhance beta cell function and prevent lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.

Association between Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and Environmental Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among the Chinese Population in Hohhot

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adiponectin gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 and environmental risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hohhot. The study explored different models of gene-environment interactions, aimed at providing approaches for the prevention and control of T2DM in combination with the characteristics of the local population.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted including 406 Chinese participants, comprising 203 cases and 203 controls from various hospitals. Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 were detected using an improved multiple ligation detection reaction technique. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) and logistic regression were conducted to analyze the associations between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and T2DM, as well as the interactions between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental factors.

Results

ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms rs10937273, rs1501299, rs182052, rs2241767, and rs266729 were associated with type 2 diabetes. Based on the haplotype of the five adiponectin gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, we found that G-G-A-A-C was a susceptible haplotype of T2DM (P < 0.05). Interaction analyses demonstrated associations between rs1501299 and central obesity (consistency = 80%, P = 0.011) and between rs266729 and rs182052 and central obesity (consistency = 70%, P = 0.011).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that there is an interaction between the ADIPOQ gene and central obesity, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of T2DM.

Less Favorable Lipid Profile and Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Antibodies in Women of Reproductive Age with High-Normal TSH-Retrospective Study

High-normal TSH can be associated with metabolic abnormalities and infertility. Aims of this study are to analyze retrospectively if routinely measured blood laboratory and anthropometric parameters differ between women of reproductive age with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L. Retrospective analysis was performed in 466 female inpatients, aged 13–51, hospitalized in an endocrine department. The group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests (TSH 0.27-4.2 mIU/L; normal FT3 and FT4) was selected and it was divided into two subgroups, i.e., with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L (n = 66; 23.6%). After excluding patients on L-thyroxine treatment (n = 240), those with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L constituted 22.92% (n = 55). In the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests, an abnormally high concentration of triglycerides and an abnormally low HDLC/cholesterol ratio occurred more frequently in women with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L than those with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L (17% vs. 7%, p = 0.017; 14% vs. 5%, p = 0.015, respectively). Increased concentration of thyroid antibodies, i.e., TPOAb, occurred more frequently in patients with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L than those with TSH < 2.5 mIU/L (27% vs. 9%, p = 0.001). The same differences were found in the group of 240 patients after excluding those on L-thyroxine treatment. Blood lymphocyte concentration was the only independent linear parameter associated with TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L (OR = 1.551, p = 0.024) but only in the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests. TSH concentration correlated positively with blood lymphocyte (r = 0.129, p = 0.031) and TPOAb (r = 0.177, p = 0.005) concentrations but only in the group of 280 patients with normal thyroid tests. Less favorable lipid profiles and a higher prevalence of thyroid antibodies in women of reproductive age with high-normal TSH suggests that L-thyroxine treatment should be considered in such patients. The significance of a positive association between high-normal TSH and blood lymphocytes requires further evaluation.